Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Genetically modified crops wikipedia , lookup
Genetically modified organism containment and escape wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Hardy–Weinberg principle wikipedia , lookup
Hybrid (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance wikipedia , lookup
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Chapter 10 Inheritance 23 pairs of chromosomes 46 total A Gene is one section of a chromosome that determines one trait. 11.1 Gregor Mendel ●Developed the fundamental laws of heredity ●He studied science and mathematics ●Theory of Inheritance Funfact: Mendel originally wanted to breed mice, but wasn't allowed to because it was considered scandalous Mendel chose garden peas (Pisum sativum)as his subjects as they are easily grown and their pollination is easily controlled. He controlled pollination by manually moving pollen between plants Developed True-breeding plants by selfpollination Developed hybrid plants by crossbreeding two plants of differing characteristics Tall v Short Mendel examined varieties of peas for heritable characters and traits for his study. (stem length, pod shape, seed shape, seed color..etc) In 1865, Mendel published his findings in a paper called Experiments on Plant Hybridization, which was mostly ignored at the time due to a number of reasons. First, Mendel was not well known in scientific community. Second, his theory ran against the popular model of blended inheritance. 11.2 Mendel's Law of Segregation (MONOHYBRID CROSS) Because the purple flower trait completely masks the white flower trait when true-breeding plants are crossed, the purple flower trait is called dominant, and the white flower trait is called recessive. Creating the F2 generation *Cross the F1 generation together to create F2 *Ratio is always 3:1 Mendel proposed that the units responsible for inheritance were discrete particles - particulate theory of inheritance Practice 1. Round (RR) vs wrinkled (rr) 2. Heterozygous Cross (Rr x Rr) Review Terms F1 vs F2 True Breeding vs Hybrid Self Pollination vs Cross Pollination Homozygous vs Heterozygous Particulate Theory vs Blending Theory Genotype & Phenotype Practice picking letters.... the following traits are found in the common Shirtus americanus. 1. Polka dots are dominant to stripes. 2. Long sleeves are dominant to short sleeves. 3. Collared shirts are recessive. 4. Buttons are dominant over snaps. 5. Pockets are recessive. In dragons... Wings are a dominant trait, but some dragons are born wingless. What are the chances that two heterozygous dragons have a whelp that is wingless? If a wingless dragon is crossed with one that is heterozygous, how many of its offspring will also be wingless? What is a test cross? Help, help! I don't know what my genotype is!! Am I Dd or DD? I can help you! Let's have offspring! Dihybrid Crosses Why does the punnett square work? *it represents all the ~possible gametes that each parent can contribute If a parent has this genotype RrYy, what combinations are possible in the gametes? What are the gametes possible for an organism that is AaBbRr? Dihybrid Cross: RrYy x RrYy All of these type of crosses will follow the same ratio AaBb x AaBb 9 - (two dominant traits) 3 - (one dominant, one recessive) 3 - (one recessive, one dominant) 1 - (two recessive traits) It may be faster to solve problems mathematically. This one is NOT 9:3:3:1 Consider the cross between a plant with round seeds, purple flowers to one with wrinkled seeds and white flowers ... RrPp x rrpp What does INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT mean? In your own words, describe what it means with regard to Mendelian genetics. Mendel would have never developed this law if he'd chosen traits located on the same chromosome. Why do you think that would have altered his results? A note about probability * It doesn't matter how often you flipped a coin or how many times it's already shown heads, the probability is ALWAYS 50% of heads/tails. The gambler's fallacy is a logical fallacy where people gambling believe that a losing streak will turn around. Example: I've tossed a coin 4 times, all four times it came up heads. What is the probability that my next toss will be heads?