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Geology Study Guide “I Can” statement 1. How does each of these rocks pass through the rock cycle? Student Responses Igneous-Magma or lava melts and cools Sedimentary-rocks weather and erode, then are cemented or compacted together Metamorphic-heat and pressure 2. What are characteristics of an igneous rock? Intrusive- Magma cools slowly creating large crystals Extrusive- Lava cools quickly creating little to no crystals 3. What are characteristics of a sedimentary rock? Clastic- broken pieces of rock cemented or compacted together Organic-remains of living things compacted together Chemical- Water evaporates leaving the minerals to cement together 1 Shows Stratification. 4. What are characteristics of a metamorphic rock? Foliated- arranged bands or planes in a rock Non-foliated- non arranged planes or bands in a rock 5. What is the relationship between the rock cycle and plate tectonics theory? Subduction of plates melts rock and the rock cycle starts again Sea Floor spreading creates new rock 6. What is the difference between the age, density, and composition of oceanic and continental crust? Oceanic Age-younger than continental Density- more dense Composition-basalt 2 Continental Age-older, can be up to 3.8 billion years old Density-less dense Composition- Granite 7. How do plate tectonics create seafloor spreading? Plates separate and less dense magma rises to the surface Rock gets older the farther from the ridge Divergent Plate boundary 8. How do plate tectonics create mid ocean ridges? Plates separate and less dense magma rises to the surface Long mountain chain Divergent boundary 9. How do plate The denser plate (heavier) will sink 3 tectonics create subduction zones? below the other plate (convergent) this creates volcanoes, mountains, trenches, island arcs Deep earthquakes convergent 10. How do plate tectonics create earthquakes? Near plate boundaries, faults occur. When faults move past each other, elastic rebound happens, which causes an earthquake, friction 11. How do plate tectonics create volcanoes? At subduction zones, mid ocean ridges and hot spots 12. How do convection currents relate to the earth’s mantle? Warmer mantle rises because it is less dense Cooler mantle sinks because it is more dense This movement causes the plates to 4 move 13. What happens to the density of rocks at different temperatures? 14. What is the affect of gravity on tectonic plates? 15. What is the relationship between the depth of an earthquake and the type of boundary? 16. What type of boundary will produce the youngest rock? Why? 17. What is the difference between the focus and epicenter? Warmer rocks=less dense Cooler rocks=more dense Slab pull-gravity will help pull the plate Convergent Divergent Transform deep shallow shallow Divergent-sea floor spreading, conveyor belt pulls older rock away and brings up brand new igneous rock (basalt) Focus-underneath earth where earthquake starts Epicenter-the spot on the earth directly above the focus 18. What is the difference between Seismogram-tracing of an earthquake 5 seismogram and seismograph? made by a seismograph Seismograph-instrument that records seismic waves 19. How do composite volcanoes form? Alternating layers of lava from quiet eruptions and pyroclastic material from explosive eruptions 20. How do cinder cone volcanoes form? Layers of pyroclastic material from explosive eruptions 21. How do shield volcanoes form? Layers of lava from quiet eruptions 22. What are characteristics of an explosive volcanic eruption? Trapped water vapor and other gases, high viscosity lava 23. Where are places that destructive volcanoes and earthquakes occur? Subduction zones 24. What hazards are associated with destructive earthquakes and volcanoes? Tsunamis, Destruction of buildings, floods Ash, landslides, plumes, pyroclastic flow, fire 6 25. What are some long term effects that can happen from volcanic eruptions? Climate change from ash plumes 26. How did the earth form? Dust and gas from a planetary nebula began to come together because of gravity 27. How did the earth’s atmosphere form? outgassing of volcanoes 28. How did the earth’s oceans form? Outgassing of volcanoes and meteors with ice. 29. Look at the trend of the ages of the calderas and notice how the calderas proceed from youngest to oldest in proportion to distance from 7 the hotspot. The Yellowstone Hotspot is located beneath the North American Plate. Based on the directional trend of the calderas, in what direction is the North American Plate moving from the hotspot? ______South West________________ 30. The Yellowstone Hotspot is underneath northwestern Wyoming at this time. In a few million years, under what state do you predict the hotspot will be underneath? ______Montana________ 31. The distance between the Yellowstone and McDermitt Volcanic Field is approximately 725 kilometers (450 miles). Look at the map and notice the age of the caldera associated with McDermitt Volcanic Field. Based on that age and the distance from the hotspot, what has been the rate of movement (i.e. speed) of the North American Plate? Your final answer should be in cm/yr. To convert kilometers to centimeters multiply the distance by 100,000. DIFFERENCE IN AGE = ____ 15.5 million years_______ DISTANCE TRAVELED = _____ 72,500,000 cm RATE OF MOVEMENT = ________ ______ 4.677 cm/year ____ 8