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Section 1 Population Ecology Population Dynamics – Chapter 4 Population ______________ The number of organisms per unit area Spatial Distribution ____________is the pattern of spacing of a population. • Dispersion patterns can be clumped, • uniform, or random. – In a clumped pattern • resources are often ___________distributed and • individuals are grouped in patches. • In a uniform pattern, individuals are most likely interacting and _______spaced in the environment. • In a random pattern of dispersion, the individuals in a population are spaced in an _____________way. 1 Section 1 Population Ecology Population Dynamics Population __________ A species might not be able to expand its population range because it cannot survive the __________conditions found in the expanded region. Section 1 Population Ecology Population Dynamics _________________Factors There are two categories of limiting ______________factors and _____________________factors. Section 1 Population Ecology Population Dynamics Density-Independent Factors Any factor in the environment that does not depend on the number of members in a population per unit area is a densityindependent factor. ________________events Fire Human _____________of the landscape Air, land, and ______________pollution 2 Section 1 Population Ecology Population Dynamics Density-Dependent Factors Any factor in the environment that depends on the number of members in a population per unit area is a density-dependent factor. _________factors Disease _______________ ______________ Section 1 Population Ecology Population Dynamics Population ____________Rate The population growth rate (PGR) explains how fast a given population grows. The natality of a population is the _________in a given time period. Section 1 Population Ecology Population Dynamics _____________Growth Model Exponential growth occurs when the growth rate is ___________to the size of the population. All populations grow exponentially until some _________factor slows the population’s growth. 3 Section 1 Population Ecology Population Dynamics _____________Growth Model The population’s growth slows or stops following __________growth, at the population’s carrying _________. Section 1 Population Ecology Population Dynamics A population stops _________when the number of births is less than the number of deaths or when emigration exceeds _________________. Section 1 Population Ecology Population Dynamics Carrying Capacity The __________number of individuals in a species that an environment can support for the long term is the carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is limited by the ______, water, _________, and nutrients available. 4 Section 1 Population Ecology Population Dynamics _________________Patterns Species of organisms vary in the number of ________per reproduction cycle, in the age that reproduction begins, and in the ___________span of the organism. Section 1 Population Ecology Population Dynamics The rate strategy, or __________, is an adaptation for living in an environment where fluctuation in biotic or abiotic factors occur. An r-strategist is generally a _______organism. ____________life span Produces many offspring Section 1 Population Ecology Population Dynamics The carrying-capacity strategy, or _______, is an adaptation for living in stable environments. A k-strategist is generally a ________organism. Long life span Produces ________offspring 5 Section 2 Population Ecology Human Population Human Population Growth The study of human population size, density, distribution, movement, and birth and death rates is ____________. Section 2 Population Ecology Human Population __________________Advances For thousands of years, environmental conditions kept the size of the human population at a relatively _________number below the environment’s carrying capacity. Humans have learned to alter the _____________in ways that appear to have changed its carrying capacity. Section 2 Population Ecology Human Population Human Population Growth Rate Although the human population is still growing, the rate of its growth has __________. 6 Section 2 Population Ecology Human Population Trends in Human Population Growth Population trends can be altered by events such as _____and war. Human population growth is not the same in all ______________. Section 2 Population Ecology Human Population ____________Population Growth Zero population growth (ZPG) occurs when the birthrate equals the death rate. The age structure eventually should be more __________with numbers at prereproductive, reproductive, and postreproductive ages being approximately equal. Section 2 Population Ecology Human Population _____________Structure A population’s age structure is the number of ______and females in each of three age groups: ______________stage, reproductive stage, and postreproductive stage. 7 Section 2 Population Ecology Human Population Human Carrying Capacity Scientists are concerned about the human population reaching or _________the carrying capacity. An important factor is the amount of resources from the biosphere that are used by each person. 8