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NAMING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS THAT HAVE A PREFIX Branched alkanes See hydrocarbons notes HALOALKANES Name the longest carbon chain Give a prefix for the halogen: Flouro Chloro Bromo Iodo Number the location of the halogen so that it has lowest # possible If more than one halogen, use di/tri prefix Cl Cl H H CH 3 Br H3C CH 3 chloroethane Cl CH 3 CH 3 2-bromo-2-chlorobutane Cl 2,3-dichlorobutane FUNCTIONAL GROUPS THAT HAVE A DIFFERENT ENDING THAN -ANE Alkenes/Alkynes Find longest carbon chain Add –ene for a double bond ending or –yne for a triple bond Number the location of the double bonds so it has lowest # possible propene 1-butyne 2-butene Alcohols Name longest chain Use ending –anol Number carbons to figure out what carbon the –OH group is on Number can go at the front or right before ending. The latter is often used when there is more than one functional group on a molecule OH OH propan-1-ol or: 1-propanol propan-2-ol or: 2-propanol OH pentan-3-ol or: 3-pentanol R-Group is a carbon group CLASSIFICATION Locate the carbon to which the functional group is attached primary 1 - attached to 1 R group (at the end of a carbon chain) secondary 2 - attached to 2 R groups (at a branch of a carbon chain) tertiary 3 - attached to 3 R groups R C O H primary R R H H H C R O R H secondary C O R tertiary H Carboxylic Acids o Name longest chain o Use ending –anoic acid O O H3C OH ethanoic acid OH propanoic acid Aldehydes/Ketones Name longest chain If carbonyl (C=O) is on the end: Use ending –anal no number needed unless higher priority functional group is on molecule in the middle: Use ending -anone Number carbons to figure out what carbon the C=O group is on Number can go at the front or right before ending. The latter is often used when there is more than one functional group on a molecule O O H3C CH 3 2-propanone Ketone CH3 H propanal ethanal Aldehyde Amines Name longest carbon chain Add –anamine ending If more than one chain attached to N, use branching rules as with alkanes but use N instead of number of carbon to show alkyl group is attached to nitrogen. CH 3 NH2 H3C methanamine N CH 3 H3C NH N-methylethanamine H3C CH 3 N-ethyl-N-methylpropan-1-amine Amines Name longest carbon chain Add –anamine ending If more than one chain attached to N, use branching rules as with alkanes but use N instead of number of carbon to show alkyl group is attached to nitrogen. CH 3 NH2 H3C methanamine N CH 3 H3C NH N-methylethanamine H3C CH 3 N-ethyl-N-methylpropan-1-amine Amines Name longest carbon chain Add –anamine ending If more than one chain attached to N, use branching rules as with alkanes but use N instead of number of carbon to show alkyl group is attached to nitrogen. CH 3 NH2 H3C methanamine N CH 3 H3C NH N-methylethanamine H3C CH 3 N-ethyl-N-methylpropan-1-amine Amines Name longest carbon chain Add –anamine ending If more than one chain attached to N, use branching rules as with alkanes but use N instead of number of carbon to show alkyl group is attached to nitrogen. CH 3 NH2 H3C methanamine N CH 3 H3C NH N-methylethanamine H3C CH 3 N-ethyl-N-methylpropan-1-amine Amides Name longest carbon chain Add –anamide ending If Nitrogen has substituents, use “N(substituent)” name and add as prefix O O H3C H3C NH2 ethanamide NH N-ethylpropanamide CH 3 Amides Name longest carbon chain Add –anamide ending If Nitrogen has substituents, use “N(substituent)” name and add as prefix O O H3C H3C NH2 ethanamide NH N-ethylpropanamide CH 3 Amides Name longest carbon chain Add –anamide ending If Nitrogen has substituents, use “N(substituent)” name and add as prefix O O H3C H3C NH2 ethanamide NH N-ethylpropanamide CH 3 Esters Count number of carbons in chain attached to carbonyl (C=O) including carbonyl’s carbon Add –anoate ending Name alkyl group attached to O and add as prefix O O H3C H3C O methylethanoate O ethyl propaonate CH 3 Esters Count number of carbons in chain attached to carbonyl (C=O) including carbonyl’s carbon Add –anoate ending Name alkyl group attached to O and add as prefix O O H3C H3C O methylethanoate O ethyl propaonate CH 3 Esters Count number of carbons in chain attached to carbonyl (C=O) including carbonyl’s carbon Add –anoate ending Name alkyl group attached to O and add as prefix O O H3C H3C O methylethanoate O ethyl propaonate CH 3 Esters Count number of carbons in chain attached to carbonyl (C=O) including carbonyl’s carbon Add –anoate ending Name alkyl group attached to O and add as prefix O O H3C H3C O methylethanoate O ethyl propaonate CH 3 Ethanoic acid Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl Ethanoate Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl Ethanoate Water Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl Ethanoate CONDENSATION REACTION!!!!!!!! Water In the first step, the ethanoic acid takes a proton (a hydrogen ion) from the concentrated sulphuric acid. The proton becomes attached to one of the lone pairs on the oxygen which is double-bonded to the carbon The transfer of the proton to the oxygen gives it a positive charge, but it is actually misleading to draw the structure in this way (although nearly everybody does!).