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Class Structure
Antebellum Era
Class Structure
• North- class was based on wealth allowing people to move
upward from one class to another
• South- class was based wealth and being born into the “right
family” and was difficult to move upward
Planters
• Large: owned 50 slaves and more than 1,000 acres. Less than 1% of the
population. Lavish lifestyle and homes.
• Small: owned 20 – 49 slaves and 100- 1,000 acres. 3% of the
population
• Controlled most of the Southern wealth and political leaders
Farmers with slaves
• Owned fewer than 20 slaves. Most owned 5 or fewer.
• 20% of the population
• Comfortable homes- Middle Class
Merchants and “People of Letters”
• Lived in towns or cities
• Cotton brokers, merchants, teachers, doctors, ministers,
newspaper publishers, and lawyers
• 1- 2 percent of the population
• Middle Class
Yeoman Farmers and Poor Whites
•
•
•
•
•
Made up 75% of the population
Famers/subsistence farmers
Lived in shacks or cabins
Work sun up to sun down including children
“White Trash”- moved around in search of jobs or beggars
Free Blacks
•
•
•
•
Farmers, day laborers, artisans, or tenant farmers
A few owned slaves and plantations
6% of the population
Limited personal freedoms (education, socially, travel)
Slaves
• 11.5% lived in Georgia (4 million country wide)
• Skin color determined class structure among the slaves
Slavery
• Not allowed in GA until early 1750’s (Remember the Trustees)
• Quickly grew- agriculture based economy ( cotton gin)
– Dependence on cotton led to a change of attitude about the evils of
slavery
Causes
-Causes of CW Notes
Think about the following:
1. What were the terms of the Missouri
Compromise?
2. How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act
counteract it?
3. What were the terms of the
Compromise of 1850?
North/South Comparison
Northern Perspective
Slavery:
States’ Rights
Class structure
Type of Economy:
Tariffs:
Nullification:
Most were against slavery
believed that in order for the United
States to function as one Union, political
decisions should be made to would
benefit the entire country
Based on wealth. Easy to move
upward
Factories, Mining, Banks, Stores
Railroads
Supported higher tariffs to
imported goods making northern
goods cheaper
Did not believe nullification was
necessary and that states should
support laws passed federally.
Southern Perspective
Most supported slavery as a
necessary evil, or even as a
charitable cause.
thought states should have the
right to govern themselves and to
decide what would be best for
their own needs
Based on wealth and being born
into the right family. Hard to
move up.
Agriculture: cotton, tobacco, rice
Being buyers of imported goods due
to little manufacturing, the south did
not want these tariffs.
Felt that states had the right to
nullify, or invalidate, a law which that
state viewed unconstitutional.
Causes of the
Civil War?
Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the
Civil War; include slavery, states’ rights, nullification, Missouri
Compromise, Compromise of 1850 and the Georgia Platform,
Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott case, election of 1860, the debate
over secession in Georgia and the role of Alexander Stephens.
Slavery
• Slavery was not allowed in Georgia until the early 1750s.
Slavery grew due to Georgia’s agricultural based economy.
However, slavery grew exponentially with the invention of the
cotton gin.
Philosophical shift
• Southern Perspectives:
– Slavery was vital to their lifestyle (necessary evil)- GREED
– Partaking in their Christianly duty/Act of Charity
In the 1820’s, the
Great Awakening, a
religious revival,
increased support of
abolitionist.
• “We would remind those who condemn and sympathize with slavery, that this slavery relieves him from
far crueler slavery in Africa…..and Christianizes, protects, supports, and civilizes him.”~ Fitzhugh
– Abolitionists
• Northern Perspectives:
– Pro- slavery
• “We find it no inconvenience at all to be waited upon. I have one and sometimes two to attend me.
And find them sufficient employment.” ~ A. Hale
– Abolitionists
• “….remorseless tyrants of the South that there conditions…..are inhumane and wicked, and we cannot
carry them out for the sake of their evil company.” ~ W.L. Garrison
– Free Soil philosophy: against slavery and worked against laws that discriminated against freed African
Americans in states such as Ohio.
The Abolitionist movement really took off in the 1830s,
generating lots of printed propaganda across the North.
Frederick Douglass
Born a slave.
Leader in Abolition
William Lloyd Garrison
Published The
Liberator (anti-slavery
newspaper)
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin
(wrote about slaves as
individuals)
Called for the end of slavery! Abolition! Freedom!
States’ rights
• States’ rights refers to the amount of power a state government has
in relation to the amount of power held by the federal government in
making decisions.
• Flashback:
– Early in U.S. history, the Articles of Confederation gave the
individual states too much power and the nation could not
even tax the states for revenue. Once the Constitution was
ratified, the nation continued to experience issues that
challenged this balance of power. And we still have this
struggle today!
States Rights
• The NORTH felt that the U.S. should function as one union, so
political decisions should be made that benefit the entire
country.
• While the SOUTH felt that state’s rights took priority over a
unified central government.
States’ Rights Examples
• Georgia LOST the Worcester vs Georgia case BUT Georgia refused
to release the missionaries or stop pushing for Cherokee removal.
This test of states’ rights proved that a state could do as it pleased
if there was not a unified attempt by the federal government OR
other states to stop them.
• Today state’s rights issues include decisions such as:
–
–
–
–
death penalty
assisted suicide
gay marriage
legalization of marijuana
Balancing Act Holds Off War
• As of 1819, the United States had twenty two states
– 11 slave
– 11 free
• This maintained an equal number of senators representing free
and slave states in the Senate.
• The House of Representatives, there were more from free
states than slave states.
Free
Slave
Missouri compromise
Missouri wanted to enter the union as a slave state which would change the
balance of power to the South (slave states).
Compromise: So Maine is allowed to enter as a free state. PLUS, Congress forbids
slavery north of the 36o30’ parallel (which is the southern border of Missouri)
Missouri Compromise serves as band aid solution for almost 30 years, with states
being admitted into the Union in free and slave pairings.
Nullification Crisis/Tariffs
early 1830s
• The North supported high tariffs on goods imported from Great
Britain. This made items made in the North cheaper than imported
ones.
• The South opposed this tariff because they bought many
manufactured goods and they did not want to pay higher prices.
• The Northern states dominated the House of Representatives in the
1830s and voted to renew the tariff. South Carolina threatened to
nullify the tariff or even secede from the union.
* Nullification – Legal theory that states have a right to nullify, or
invalidate, a law which that state viewed as unconstitutional.
We don’t like your
crummy tax. Change it or
we are seceding this
Union!
Just
kidding!
Hi I am Andrew
Jackson
Hey Congress, let
me take an army
into South Carolina,
and I will force
them to accept the
taxes.
Secession?
• Andrew Jackson’s threat to attack South Carolina if they
attempted to leave the union worked well enough to keep the
state in the fold. (Hey, they saw what Jackson did in the Battle
of New Orleans as well as what Jackson did to Spain’s claims of
Florida. He was a worthy foe.)
Compromise 1850
• The Gold Rush increased California’s population, so it
applied for statehood as a free state.
• There was no slave state available entering the Union to
balance the power of free vs slave states.
• Compromise:
North
South
-California entered as a Free State
-Fugitive Slave Act- stating that slaves
who ran away would be returned to their
owners
Remembering the Compromises
REMEMBER “M” Compromise for Missouri
Compromise
• Only states with a “M,” Maine (free)
and Missouri (slave) entered the
Union.
REMEMBER “C” for Compromise of 1850
• California entered the Union - Free
Georgia Platform
• Georgia Politicians were trying to decide if they would accept the terms of the
Compromise of 1850.
• This compromise would give FREE states more representation in the Senate and end
the balance of power.
• Led by Robert Toombs and Alexander Stephens, and with the promise of the Fugitive
Slave Act, Georgia passed the Compromise of 1850 leading other southern states to
accept the Compromise preventing a civil war for 11 years.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Recall--What was the Missouri Compromise?
• Where are Kansas and Nebraska located?
May 30, 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Senator Stephen Douglas believed in popular
sovereignty, the ability for states to decide for
themselves.
• Only 4 years after the Compromise of 1850, the
Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed permitting the
possibility of slavery being allowed above the
36’ 30’ parallel by allowing the people of Kansas
and Nebraska to decide for themselves on the
issue of slavery.
Bleeding Kansas
Kansas was flooded by BOTH
pro and anti-slavery supporters
who came to the state to vote
for or against the institution of
slavery. Violence erupted. With
all the bloodshed, Kansas
became known as “Bleeding
Kansas.”
Final Outcome- Kansas became a free state.
1857 Dred Scott Case
Supreme Court rules in favor of
the Southern States
• Dred Scott is a slave taken by his master from
the slave state of Missouri to the free states of
Illinois and Wisconsin.
• Upon his return to Missouri, Scott sues the state
based on the belief that his time in the free
states made him a free man.
• Court rules that slaves and freed blacks are not
citizens of the U.S. and do not have the right to
sue.
Sectionalism
• The belief that one’s own section or region’s interests or values are
more important than another region’s interests.
This widens the gap
Election of 1860
The Final Event
• Due to the dramatic sectionalism tearing the country apart, four
presidential candidates ran for office in 1860.
• Due to the issue of slavery, Northern and Southern Democrats elected
different candidates.
• The Constitutional Union Party’s primary concern was to avoid
secession. The Republican Party began in 1854; their primary goal was
to prevent the expansion of slavery.
Meet the Candidates
John Breckenridge
Southern
Democrat
nominee
from
Kentucky
Stephen Douglass
Northern
Democrat
nominee
from
Illinois
Meet the Candidates
John Bell
Constitutional
Union Party
nominee from
Tennessee (Avoid
secession)
Abraham Lincoln
Republican
Party
nominee from
Illinois
(primary goalprevent
expansion of
slavery)
Election of 1860
• Northern states favored a Republican candidate that
would help to abolish slavery. Southern states favored
candidates that supported States’ Rights.
• Northern States, California
and Oregon supported
Lincoln.
• Most Southern states
supported John C.
Breckinridge
• Most Border states
supported either Stephen
Douglas or John Bell
Lincoln wins!
• Though Abraham Lincoln’s name was not on
the ballot in most southern states, he won the
election of 1860 with 180 electoral votes.
180 electoral
votes &
1,865,908
popular votes
39 electoral
votes &
590,901
popular
72 electoral
votes &
848,019
popular
12 electoral
votes
1,380,202
popular
Georgia: Secession
Should we stay, or should we go?
A spirited debate on the matter takes place in 1861
Georgia General Assembly debates whether or not the state
should join its southern brethren in breaking away from the
Union. After three days of debate, Georgia votes to leave the
union on January 19, 1861
Should I stay or should I go?
Supporter of the Union
Supporters of Secession!
• Representatives from the northern
counties
• small farmers and non-slave holders
wanted to stay.
• Alexander Stephens gave an eloquent
speech AGAINST secession. (89)
• Those who had a social and economic
stake in the institution of slavery ,
such as large farmers and slave
holders, voted for secession. (208)
• Gov. Joseph Brown
• Robert Toombs
Secession wins the VOTE!!!!
208 to 89 in favor of seceeding the Union.
Georgia was part of the Confederacy from
1861-1865.
• 1832 graduate of U.G.A.
• Congressman (He played a major role in assisting in the
Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act.)
• At Georgia’s secession debate, Stephens gave an
eloquent speech against Georgia seceding the
union.
• He was elected the Vice President of the
Confederate States of America (CSA)
– elected for experience and as a sign of unity
based on his unionist past
• His weak stature did not allow him military
experience, so during the war, he had little to do
• After the war, he was imprisoned for five months
for treason.
• He was elected into U.S. Congress from 1877 –
1882
• Elected as governor of Georgia in 1882 but died
shortly after.
Alexander Stephens
50th governor of Georgia
When did it
go into
effect?
How many
free states
were there?
How many
slave states
were there?
How did it
help/benefit
the North?
How did it
help/benefit
the South?
Missouri Compromise
The Compromise of 1850
Kansas-Nebraska Act
(page 222)
(page 223-225)
(225-226)
1820
11
11
• Maine enters free
• No slavery above
36/30 latitude
• Missouri enters as a
slave state
1850
16
15
• California entered
as a free state
making more free
states than slave
states
• The Fugitive Slave
Act
1854
17
15
• Gave popular
sovereignty
allowing Kansas to
vote to be a “free”
state.
• Gave popular
sovereignty leading
to the possibility of
slavery about the
36/30 latitude
Analyze and
explain this
chart