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Salvete, discipuli!
Chapter XXV: Infinitive Uses 2
Verbal Aspects
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle
Active
Passive
Present Imperfect Future
1st
Singular
Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect
2nd
3rd
Plural
How many Infinitives are there?
•
•
Now that we have learned to
recognize and form infinitives in Latin,
let’s begin to look at the basic
syntactic uses of the infinitive:
In Latin, there are THREE infinitival
functions in a sentence….
Infinitival Functions
1. Complementary
2. Nominal
3. Indirect Statement
Infinitival Functions
1. Complementary
2. Objective
3. Subjective
4. Indirect Statement
Complementary Infinitives
•We have already encountered complementary
infinitives in our study of Latin.
•Complementary infinitives act to complete the
meaning of a verb:
Ad scholam currere possum.
I am able to run to school.
Oratorem in forō cernere non poteramus.
We weren’t able to understand the orator in the
forum.
Infinitival Functions
1. Complementary
2. Nominal
3. Indirect Statement
Infinitival Functions
1. Complementary
2. Objective
3. Subjective
4. Indirect Statement
Nominal Infinitives
•Nominal Infinitives are rare in Latin but are
commonly used in English.
•Nominal Infinitives are infinitives that
emphasize the nominal aspect of their status of
‘verbal noun’ and act as a noun in a sentence.
•As such, nominal infinitives can be the subject
OR the object of a sentence.
Nominal Infinitives
•Examples:
1.Dulce est pro patriā vitam dāre.
It is a sweet thing to give (one’s) life for (one’s)
country.
2.Errāre est humanum.
To err is human.
3. Latinam linguam legere amō!
I love to read Latin.
Infinitival Functions
1. Complementary
2. Subjective
3. Objective
4. Indirect Statement
Infinitival Functions
1. Complementary
2. Subjective
3. Objective
4. Indirect Statement
Complementary Infinitives
•We have already encountered complementary
infinitives in our study of Latin.
•Complementary infinitives act to complete the
meaning of a verb:
Ad scholam currere possum.
I am able to run to school.
Oratōrem in forō cernere nōn poterāmus.
We weren’t able to understand the orator in the
forum.
Infinitival Functions
1. Complementary
2. Subjective
3. Objective
4. Indirect Statement
Subjective Infinitives
•As a verbal noun, an Infinitive can act as a
noun in a sentence.
•As such, nominal infinitives can be the subject
OR the object of a sentence.
•Subjective infinitives are infinitives that fulfill
the former role, that of subject.
Subjective Infinitives
•Examples:
1.Dare vītam tuam prō patriā est pulchrum.
It is a beautiful thing to give your life for (your)
fatherland.
2.Errāre est humanum, ignōscere dīvīnum.
To err is human, to forgive divine.
Infinitival Functions
1. Complementary
2. Subjective
3. Objective
4. Indirect Statement
Objective Infinitives
•As a verbal noun, an Infinitive can act as a
noun in a sentence.
•As such, nominal infinitives can be the subject
OR the object of a sentence.
•Objective infinitives are infinitives that fulfill
the latter role, that of object.
Objective Infinitives
•Examples:
1. Omnēs Latīnam legere amāmus!
We all love to read Latin.
2. Rēx et rēgīna crās nōn audēbunt remanēre.
The king and queen will not dare to stay
tomorrow.
Infinitival Functions
1. Complementary
2. Subjective
3. Objective
4. Indirect Statement
Indirect Statement
•Indirect Statement is best defined as
“reported speech”.
•It occurs when one person reports to another
person what someone said without using a
direct quotation.
•In English, it involves the word “that”.
Indirect Statement
Direct quote:
The teacher says, “Julia is a good student.”
Indirect statement:
The teacher says that Julia is a good student.
Indirect Statement
•English also extends the idea of Indirect
Statement not only to verbs of speech but also
verbs of thinking and feeling:
She thought that it was a good idea.
I heard that he said that!
We think that it’s a bad move.
The players saw that he was injured.
Practice
1.
Brad says, “Julia seems to be enjoying herself.”
2. John thinks, “Anne is a beautiful girl.”
3. Mary feels, “It’s a bad idea.”
Indirect Statement
•In Latin, Indirect Statement operates in much
the same way except instead of the word
“ that ” , it uses a construction called the
accusative-infinitive.
•In the reported speech, the subject is in the
accusative case and the verb is an infinitive.
•Like with the Ablative Absolute, this is done to
avoid confusion about which noun goes with
which verb.
Indirect Statement
•In the reported speech, the subject is in the
accusative case and the verb is an infinitive.
The teacher says that Julia is a good student.
Magister dicit Juliam bonam discipulam esse.
In this sentence, the subject of the reported
speech (Julia) is put in the accusative case and
the verb (is) is put in the infinitive mood.
Indirect Statement
The general says that soldiers love war.
Imperator dicit militēs bellum amāre.
The orator thinks words are beautiful.
Orator putat verba pulchra esse.
Marcus knows that he is a good student.
Marcus scit sē bonum discipulum esse.
Practice
1.
We know that Rome is beautiful.
2. Everybody says that the sisters don’t know.
3. The Romans think that Cicero loves himself.
Practice
1.
Putāvimus tuās sororēs litteram scribere.
2. Dixit litteram numquam scripsisse.
3. Monstrābunt litteram ā servō scriptam esse.
Pluperfect
Perfect
Present
Future
Classwork?
p. 359-60, #1-10
Homework?
HW 36