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Solar System Sun, Planets, Minor Planets, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors and Lots of Space http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080206.html But first… • What you do affect the people around you, and some students want to participate in this class – If you want to talk, please leave the room. Do not stand in a doorway. – If you want to text your friends, please leave the room. • Please be considerate of the other students in the class. – If you want to listen to music, please do so somewhere else. You may be using headphones, but we still can hear. – If you want to use your computer for anything other than note taking, please go somewhere else. Visible From Earth • • • • • • • Sun Moon 5 Planets Stars Satellites and ISS Constellations 3 Galaxies December 4, 1997 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0710/Early-Bird-Special.jpg Galaxies • Large Magellanic Cloud • Small Magellanic Cloud • Andromeda Galaxy (found in the Constellation Andromda http://domeofthesky.com/clicks/images/and.gif Andromeda Galaxy 2.2 million light years away ~13,200,000,000,000,000,000 miles 13 quintillion miles http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/andeep.jpg Polaris • Within 1º of our polar north • Not always the “north star” http://www.astropix.com/HTML/C_SPRING/URSAS.HTM http://www.allthesky.com/various/umaumi.html http://www.allthesky.com/various/umaumi.html Procession • Wobble like a top • Completes the wobble every ~26,000 years • Other “north stars, Thuban in Draco and Vega in Lyra • However, they are no where near 1º of our polar north http://stardate.org/images/gallery/d_procession.jpg Constellations • Star patterns in sky • Acts like state lines in a road map • Stars appear to be on a dome – cannot judge distance http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Fields/8616/circumpolar.html Zodiac Constellations • The plane of our solar system lies in these constellations • The plane of our Galaxy is different • Right now, for example, Saturn can be found in the constellation Leo http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/IU/ISTAT/astross/activities/sky_coord2.gif Sun • Medium yellow star • ~10 billion life span • Primarily hydrogen with some helium • Converts ~8 tons of matter per second to energy http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap030223.html http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap051005.html Planets http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap060828.html April’s Planetary Show • Jupiter rises in the east about 1 hour before the sun • Saturn just after sunset in Leo’s lower left • Mercury upper left just after the sun sets • Mars in Cancer, high in the southern skies • Venus – the brightest – is high in the south west sky after sunset Mercury • Only seen just after sunset or just before sunrise • Smallest planet • Most heavily cratered body http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080319.html Venus • Earth’s Twin (about the same size • Hottest planet (runaway greenhouse gases) average 480ºC (850ºF) • Sulfuric clouds • Pressure ~ 100 feet under water http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap060110.html http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050903.html Mars • About ¼ the size of Earth • Not enough gravity to maintain a thicker atmosphere • Average temperature is -61ºC (-81ºF) – Earth’s average is 15ºC (59ºF) http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/usgsmars.gif Jupiter • Largest planet (1300 Earths would fit inside!!! • 2.5x the gravity than on Earth • Jupiter radiates more energy into space than it receives from the Sun http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0212/jupiterIo_cassini_full.jpg Jupiter’s Galilean Moons Developed by Barbara J. Shaw http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00343 Jupiter’s Galilean Moons http://www.astro.psu.edu/users/niel/astro1/slideshows/class41/010-jupiter-galilean-moons.jpg Size in Relationship to Jupiter http://www.carinasoft.com/voyager4/info/images/ThreeMoonsOnJupiter.jpg Size Compared to Earth http://homepages.wmich.edu/%7Ekorista/ss-images/solarsys_compsizes.jpg Night 1 -2 -1 +1 +2 Night 2 -2 -1 +1 +2 Night 3 -2 -1 +1 +2 Night 4 -2 -1 +1 +2 Night 5 -2 -1 +1 +2 Night 6 -2 -1 +1 +2 Night 7 -2 -1 +1 +2 Night 8 -2 -1 +1 +2 Night 9 -2 -1 +1 +2 Now you predict Night 10 -2 -1 +1 +2 Night 10 -2 -1 +1 +2 Can you place each moon in orbit around Jupiter? -2 -1 +1 +2 http://www.ox.ac.uk/images/maincolumn/257_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg Answer Callisto Ganymead Europa -2 -1 +1 Io +2 Saturn • Galileo described Saturn with ears • Although all the gas giants have rings, only the Saturn rings are visible (but VERY thin ~30 feet!) • Density of Saturn is so light, it would float in water http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap070407.html http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/image-details.cfm?imageID=1398 Uranus and Neptune http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/entire_collection/pr2006047b/ http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0406/nep2002_hst1pan_full.jpg Asteroid Belt • Between Mars and Jupiter • Estimated 376,537 asteroids • 1/1000th of the mass of the Earth http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap040619.html Kuiper Belt • Beyond the orbit of Neptune (~30 to 55AU) • Pluto/Charon and Eras are the largest bodies known in this region • 20-200 times more mass than Asteroid Belt 1. 2. 3. ↑ The MPC Orbit (MPCORB) Database. ↑ Carl D. Murray and Stanley F. Dermott (1999). Solar System Dynamics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 0 521 57295.9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Outersolarsystem_objectpositions_labels_comp.png#filelinks Oort Cloud • Outer reaches of our solar system from Kuiper Belt to ~50,000AU! • Billions of comets http://astro.berkeley.edu/~conor/ay250/pluto.html Moon • Most familiar object in the sky • Even preschoolers recognize pictures of the moon • However, students struggle to explain the phases http://www.afreshhorizon.co.uk/moon_phases.htm Stopped by a cop • He said, “Do you know how fast you are going?” • I replied, “That, sir, is relative…” http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0007/startrails_aat.jpg How Fast? • I was driving 55 miles per hour, but… http://www.zenconsulting.net/jasonkehr/images/T1000.jpg How Fast? • The Earth, at the equator, rotating on it’s axis – 1,040 miles per hour – In Portland, roughly 520 mile per hour http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0703/bluemarble_apollo17_big.jpg How Fast? • The Earth revolving around the sun – 67,000 miles per hour http://www.ecology.com/archived-links/earths-orbit/index_files/earthorbit.gif How Fast? • The Sun revolving around the Milky Way Galaxy – 486,000 miles per hour http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap011004.html How Fast? • The Milky Way Galaxy moving with the local cluster towards the constellation Hydra – 1,340,000 miles per hour http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap020123.html How Fast? • So, Officer, it is all relative, and 55 is insignificant! – I still got the ticket http://www.rps.psu.edu/probing/graphics/light.jpg Questions? http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/etacarinae_hst.gif