Download Living things are . . .

STAAR Review Ecology
Biomes
Identified by biotic and abiotic factors
• Biotic – what kinds of plants and animals live in it.
• Abiotic – Nonliving characteristics such as soil
type, rainfall amounts, and average temperature
cycles.
Temperate Desert
Forest
Tundra
Name the
Biome
Grasslands
Tropical
Tiaga
Rainforest
What are they referring to?
• Biosphere – The entire
area of the planet that
supports life.
• Biome – An area defined
by specific abiotic and
biotic factors.
• Community – The groups
of living things in an area
and how they relate.
Ecology – The study of the
relationships among living things
• Symbiosis is a close relationship between two
living things.
• When both are helped it is called mutualism
• When one is helped and there is no effect on
the other it is called commensulism
• When one is helped and the other is harmed it
is called parasitism
Mutualism . . .
Sharks are cleaned by
a little fish known
as a Remora. The
shark never eats
them since they
clean bacteria off of
the shark. Since
both species are
helped, this is
mutualism.
Commensulism . . .
Orchids live high
in tree-tops on
the branches of
large trees. They
do not harm the
tree, but they are
helped by being
raised up into the
sunshine and
receiving water.
Parasites . . .
Parasites harm or
kill the host. A
good example is
a tape worm. It
intercepts all of
the hosts food,
causing the host
to starve to death.
35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek protection
from predators by sheltering themselves among the
stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are
very territorial and can potentially scare off
predators of sea anemones. This relationship is an
example of -A neutralism This is not a type of symbiosis Incorrect
Since both are helped, it
B mutualism
is of mutual benefit or
C parasitism Neither is harmed so this is incorrect
D commensalism
Means only one is being helped and the relationship
has no effect on the other – also incorrect
What is helped?
Both the ants and the tree.
This is the definition of:
All energy on the earth comes from the
sun.
18 Energy used
by producers
in a grassland
Used
by producers
food web is provided byF sunlight
G photosynthesis
H oxygen
J carbon dioxide
This is a process, not
an energy source.
H and J are elements
which are types of
matter, not energy.
So our answer should
be:
F
Energy Diagrams
At one end of the diagram are plants. They
are called producers since they are capable
of turning sunlight into food by
photosynthesis. They pass 10% of the
energy they absorb to animals that eat
them.
Consumers
1st Order Consumers eat
only plants and are also
called herbivores.
2nd Order Consumers eat
only animals and are
called carnivores.
3rd Order Consumers
animals that eat other
animals, they are also
known as carnivores
39 Wolves and hawks are at the same Trophic
trophic level
level
because they —
Means 1st ,
A both live on land
2nd or 3rd
B are both large mammals
Order
C both eat primary consumers
Consumer
D have similar hunting patterns
10% Energy Rule –
Only 10% of the energy moves up to the
next trophic level.
Decomposers
Energy Pyramid
Pyramid of Numbers
Biomass Pyramid
If we apply the 10% rule, 10% of
43 Approximately how much
the 1000 kcal of the plant is
of the energy available in the
consumed or 100 kcal, and 10%
tissues of the producer is
of that is 10 kcal which is 1% of
eventually incorporated into
the original 1000kcal, but only 3
the tissues of a secondary
kcal is available to the tissues so
consumer?
it is A.
A Less than 1%
B Between 20% and 30%
C Approximately 50%
D More than 50%
Food Chain – One of many feeding
relationships in a community
• Arrows in a food chain
show the direction of
energy flow.
• This is not the only
feeding relationship
for these organisms.
• When several or all of
the food relationships
are shown it’s a . . .
Food Web
Food Webs
• Food webs attempt to show all the feeding
relationships in a community.
• The direction of the arrows shows the direction
of energy flow.
• At the bottom of every web and every chain is
a plant. These are the only things that can turn
sunshine into food.
Since the Gulls are at the
top of the food web, they
would have the highest
accumulation of everything
but energy.
37 Which of these groups of
organisms would most likely
have accumulated the largest
concentration of a long-lasting
chemical pollutant in their
bodies?
A Phytoplankton
B Zooplankton
C Lake trout
D Gulls
• Prey are the animals
that are eaten as a food
source for the . . .
• Predator This is the
hunter animal. The
population of the
predator must be less
than the prey or they
do not have enough
food.
Population (100s)
Predator and Prey
Time (months)
Prey
Predator
To increase the predator
population you could do what?
24 Which of the following is most likely to
cause increases in a predator population?
F Fewer prey
G A reduction inReduces
competition
available food – Nope!
H More parasites
Less predators, they
J A period of drought
Less
and prey,
would
bepredators
sick or dying!
they’d be gone looking for
water!
Population (100s)
Carrying Capacity
Time (months)
P rey
P redat or
• This is the maximum number of a specific
population that an area can support with enough
food and living requirements. It is shown by a
line on population graphs for a specific species.
2 Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would
be most successful at —
F competing with
birds
G making its own
food
H hiding from
predators
J running very
rapidly
And the answer is?
• H hiding from predators.
• Its not a plant, so it can’t
make food.
• It has no wings, so it can
not compete with birds.
• Although it has long
legs, it doesn’t seem
balanced for running.
Succession
Primary Succession – building soil
Secondary Succession
Water Cycle
• Precipitation (rain
and snow) fall on
plants and ground.
• Plants respire and
evaporate water
back into clouds.
• The ground filters
the water run-off
into the lakes
where it
evaporates again.
21 The diagram
shows physical
changes that
occur in the water
cycle. Which of
these shows
condensation?
AQ
B R Precipitation
C S Run Off of
ground water
D T Evaporation
Carbon Cycle
• Glucose C6H12O6 is
produced by plants,
eaten by animals.
Photosynthesis
• Animals and plants
exhale CO2 which is
taken in by plants to
make glucose
Cellular Respiration
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
• Lightening and bacteria in the ground “fix”
Nitrogen into a form usable by plants.
• It is absorbed by plants, through their roots as
nitrates, so they can be used to build amino
acids essential for building proteins, enzymes
and the nitrogen bases of DNA.
Man’s Effects on the Environment
• Ozone O3 is a protective layer at the top of the
atmosphere.
• However, when it occurs near the ground, it is
very harmful to all living things, it is SMOG
Man’s Effects on the Environment
• More than 90% of
fresh water is locked
in ice at the polar
caps and in glaciers.
• Much of the fresh
water is polluted by
land run-off, dumping
of wastes and excess
heat directly into
lakes, oceans and
rivers.
Man’s Effects on the Environment
Global warming, also
called the Greenhouse
Effect is caused by
excess burning of fossil
fuels and destruction of
our oxygen producing
protista in the oceans,
and deforestation on
land. Less plants
means less oxygen and
more CO2.
54 Which of these activities can help
conserve natural resources?
What is the phrase for ecology?
F Recycling cardboard
boxes
G Washing small loads of
laundry
H Driving large cars
J Building wooden fences
Yes! Recycle!
Not saving water!
Wasting fuel!
Cutting down trees
that give oxygen and
clean air!
All animals and plants have
adaptations that help them survive
in their environment.
Examples of Plant Adaptations:
Support/food storage: Above ground (prop) roots, Stiff
cell walls in stems and trunks (vascular tissue that also
carries water and food), Starch storage in roots.
Prevention of water loss: Waxy cuticle, stomata on
leaves, reduced leaf surface area (cactus), seed coats.
Reproduction: Seed dispersal by wind and animals, colors
to attract pollinators, pollen, coevolution with insects.
Defense: Toxins, thorns, bark.
Examples of Animal Adaptations:
Protection and prevention of
dehydration: exoskeletons, armor, scales,
skin, kidneys.
Defense/Predation: Claws, teeth, well
developed eye lens, sense of smell,
speed, camouflage, armor, mimicry.
Reproduction: Eggs, internal fertilization,
placentas, care of young, nesting.
Life is very Diverse. Diversity is a measure of how
many different types of organisms live in an area.
For example, a rainforest is a very diverse habitat
(many different species of insects, plants and
animals).
A desert is not as diverse (lots of the same kind
of cactus and a few species of animals). A
species is a group of animals that can breed
and produce fertile offspring. (Poodles and
Dalmatians can make Doodles/Palmations.
They are the same species. Lions and tigers
are not. There are no ligers/tions)
Populations of animals adapt to
their environment by Natural
Selection.
1.All species have variations (caused by
genetic makeup…Mutations can cause
variation).
2. Variation is inherited.
3. More species are produced than will live.
4. Those species that survive to reproduce will
pass their characteristics (genes) on to the
next generation those that don’t become
extinct.
5. Over time, characteristics and behavior
that allow the species survive are “selected”
for. Unfavorable traits won’t be passed on.
If two populations of organisms become
separated by a barrier, each separate group may
have different selection pressures on it and
change in different ways. Eventually they may not
be able to reproduce and become separate
species. This process is called speciation.
Phylogenetic Trees are diagrams that show the
relatedness (Phylogeny) of organisms based on physical
and chemical similarities.
C
Present
D
E
F
G
B
100mya
A
A is the common
ancestor. B is
extinct. E and F
are the most
closely related.
Scientist look at both physical and biochemical
similarities (like DNA and protein comparisons) to
see how organisms are related. Which two
organisms in this chart are the least related?
The silkworm moth and the screwworm fly.
Polar bears and
brown bears
have the most
bands of DNA in
common and
are the most
closely related.
Brown and Black
bears share 4
bands out of 9
total. (44.4%)