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Transcript
Kinetic Molecular Theory -Matter is made of molecules. -Molecules are always in motion. Kinetic Energy-the energy of motion Potential Energy- stored energy 4 states of matter -Solid-lowest kinetic energy, molecules vibrate, fixed shape -Liquid-more kinetic energy, molecules rotate and slip and slide, “fluid” -Gas-higher kinetic energy, molecules spin away from each other, “fluid” -Plasma- highest kinetic energy, ionized gas, “fluid” Heat Energy- the transfer of the energy of motion (kinetic energy) and is the total amount of kinetic energy Temperature-average amount of kinetic energy 3 temperature scales -Fahrenheit {freezing point: 32 F, boiling point: 212 F} -Celsius (Centigrade) {freezing point: 0 C boiling point: 100 C} -Kelvin {freezing point: 273 K boiling point: 373 K} Directly Proportional: The greater, the greater. The less, the less. Inversely Proportional: The greater, the less. The less, the greater. Charles’ law: For a given pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature. The greater them temperature, the greater the volume. Boyle’s law: For a given temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure applied. The greater the pressure, the less the volume of gas. Calorie-a unit of heat energy 3 Forms of Thermal Transfer -Conduction -Heat energy is transferred through the COLLISION OF MOLECULES. Examples: Metals are good conductors. Glass is an insulator. -Convection -Heat is transferred through convection currents. This occurs when FLUIDS RISE AND FALL THROUGH EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION. Examples: In the earth (continents move,) in the ocean (distribution of heat energy and minerals through circulation,) in the air (wind (convection coils) and partial cause of tornadoes.) -Radiation -Heat energy is transferred directly through space at the speed of light. No molecules are needed to carry it. Examples: From the sun, from the fire, microwave, x-rays. State changes “melting”/solid to liquid/ice to water “vaporization”/liquid to gas/water to water vapor “sublimation”/solid to gas/dry ice to CO2 “freezing”/liquid to solid/water to ice “condensation”/gas to liquid/water vapor to water “deposition”/gas to solid/iodine vapor to iodine crystal Physical Changes Molecules DO NOT CHANGE What does change: Size Shape State Chemical Changes Molecules DO CHANGE They either build up or break down. A color change is usually a good indicator of a chemical change New substances are formed. Molecules: The smallest part of a substance that still retains the properties of that substance; made up of atoms. Atoms: Basic building blocks of matter; derived from Greek word “atomos” meaning “indivisible unit.” Pressure- the “force” per area Pressure= force/area Pascal is a unit pressure 1 N/m2=1 Pascal Pressure acts in all directions. Pressure and Elevation: The higher you are, the lower the pressure. The lower you are, the higher the pressure.