Download BiologicalMag and Cycles

Biological Magnification
Biological Magnification = organisms
that are higher in the food chain will
obtain/retain more pesticides/
chemicals.
What happens to the amount of
chemicals in an organism if the
chemicals do not leave the body?
•They build up in the organism
(increase).
•As you move up a food chain,
energy will decrease because
it is being used.
•As you move up a food chain,
pesticides will increase
because it is not used (stays in
the body)
On the pyramid and food chain, identify:
- where there is more energy
- where there is less energy
- where there is more and less pesticide
Less Energy
More Pesticide
More Pesticide
Less Energy
Less Pesticide
More Energy
Less Pesticide
More Energy
Abiotic Cyles
• Nonliving components of an ecosystem
cycle through the environment
• Nitrogen, Water, Carbon and Oxygen
• All of these are crucial to all living things!
• Biotic – Living
–Ex). animals, plants, bacteria
• Abitotic – Non-living
–Ex). Water, soil
Cycle
• Each cycle has two parts:
1). Living
2). Non-living
– Elements are crucial for life and must
cycle through the environment.
– Cycles of elements are ABIOTIC
The Water Cycle
• What would happen to the water cycle
if all the trees in the rainforest were cut
down?
• It would not rain as often because the
water would stay in the soil since
transpiration would not occur.
Oxygen Cycle
• What would happen to the oxygen cycle of
trees were cut down?
• Less atmospheric oxygen available for
respiration
• Remember trees and plants convert
CO2 to O2 which is what animals use for
respiration
Nitrogen Cycle
• a. Nitrogen is an important component of
proteins. Elements= C,H,O,N. Also a component
of nucleic acids. Elements = C,H,O,N,P.
• b. The nitrogen found in the air is in a form that
some living things cannot use.
• c. Use the picture to determine how we get
nitrogen in a form that living things can use.
– i. Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert nitrogen into
that usable form. **Plants will then take in the
nitrogen that the bacteria converted.
• d. Use the picture to determine how animals
obtain this usable form of nitrogen.
– i. animals eat plants and therefore obtain nitrogen.
• e. Use the picture; determine how nitrogen is replaced in
the soil.
• i. Animals put nitrogen back into the soil when they
die. (when they are decomposed)
Question
• What would happen to the Nitrogen Cycle
if nitrogen-fixing bacteria decreased?
• Less nitrogen would be converted and
brought back into the soil
– Less nitrogen to plants
Carbon Cyle
a. Use the picture to determine the
following:
 i. Where do plants get their carbon?
The air
What form is that carbon in?
CO2
a. Use the picture to determine the
following:
 ii. How do animals obtain carbon?
They eat other things (plants or animals)
a. Use the picture to determine the
following:
 iii. How is carbon replenished (put back) in
the soil?
Dead things are decomposed.
 Why is burning fossil fuels contributing to
global warming?
 CO2 is a greenhouse gas and retains
more heat in the environment
Symbiosis
 Any relationship in which 2
species live CLOSELY
together.
Three types of Symbiosis
 1. Mutualism—a relationship in which
BOTH species BENEFIT from the
relationship
 2. Commensalism—a relationship in which
one species BENEFITS from the
relationship and the other is not helped or
harmed.
 3. Parasitism—a relationship in which one
organism lives IN or ON another and
HARMS it.
Which type of symbiosis are
these symbols representing?



Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Mutualism
 Both Species benefit.
 
Commensalism

 One benefits and the other is not affected
Remora
Fish and
Shark
Parasitism
 One benefits and the other is harmed
 
Examples:
 A flea feeds on the blood of
a cat or dog
 Parasitism
 Aphids and ants live together. The
ants care for the aphids and protect
them. The aphids produce a sweet
liquid that the ants drink.
 Mutualism
 Barnacles stick to the surface of
whales. They benefit by finding a
habitat on the whale where nutrients
are available. The whales are neither
hurt nor are they helped by this
relationship.
 Commensalism
 Many birds build their nests in trees. This
provides the birds with shelter and the
tree is neither benefited nor harmed by
this relationship.
 Commensalism
Non-Symbiotic
Relationship
 Predation—an interaction in which
one organism HUNTS/KILLS and
FEEDS on another organism.
 The organism that does the killing
and eating is the PREDATOR.
 The organism that gets eaten is the
PREY.
A lion eating a zebra!
Predator =
Lion
Prey =
Zebra
Communities
• A Community is a group of organisms
that live in a particular place and interact.
• The place they live in is their habitat
• Together, these 2 things are called an
ecosystem
• Within a community different species have
different roles. The role an organism
plays in its ecosystem is called its niche
• (this includes: diet, reproduction, time of
activity, trophic level)
• Example: Plant= Producer, needs light
and soil, does photosynthesis
The Effect of Resources to a
Community
• All organisms need resources to survive:
• Plants: water, soil, carbon dioxide (CO2)
and shelter
• Animals: water, food, oxygen (O2), and
shelter
Types of Resources
• Resources can be renewable or nonrenewable
• Renewable Resource- Replaceable
• Ex: Water, Trees
• Non-Renewable Resource- Can’t be
replaced
• Ex: Fossil Fuels, Species, Fresh Water
• Often there is a limited supply of
resources
• A limited supply of resources can lead to
competition among organisms.
Competition: The fight for
resources
• Competition- occurs when 2 organisms
need the same resources in the same
place at the same time
• Competition can occur among a species
or between multiple species.
• Ex)
• Bighorn sheep compete for a mate
• Lion and hyena fight over food
Results of Competition
What will happen if 2 species use exactly
the same resource in the same way?
• 1. One species will dominate and the
others will die off.
• Ex) Overgrazing by 200 million rabbits,
for example, is endangering the small
bettongs (which look rather like small
primitive kangaroos)
Results of Competition
What will happen if 2 species use exactly
the same resource in the same way?
• 2. One species will adapt to use the
resource differently or use another
resource.
• Ex) 2 bird species use the same tree for
food and shelter but one lives near the
top of the tree and the other lives near
the bottom of the tree
• If resources increase, competition will
• decrease
• If resources decrease, competition will
• increase
Summary
• Can 2 species occupy the same niche in
the same habitat at the same time? Why?
• No because they would compete for the
same resources.
Remembering Populations
• Population- group of organisms of the
same species living together in the same
area during a specific time
• Habitat- environment in which an
organism lives (address)
• Niche- role of an organism within an
ecosystem (occupation/job)
Carrying Capacity
• Carrying Capacity- the largest number of
individuals an environment can support
• Carrying Capacity changes when there is
an increase or decrease in the number of
organisms in an environment
Things that can change carrying
capacity:
•
•
•
•
Natural Disasters (ex. Drought, fire)
Increase in number of deaths
Increase in number of births
Movement of individuals into the
population (immigration)
• Movement of individuals out of the
population (emigration)
• What will happen to carrying capacity if a
population was faced with a drought?
• Carrying Capacity will DECREASE
• What will happen to carrying capacity if
producers were removed form the
population?
• Carrying Capacity will DECREASE
• What will happen to carrying capacity if a
predator was removed from the
population?
• Carrying Capacity would initially
increase until the prey had depleted
(used) all of their resources.