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The Muscular System Mrs. Ashley Functions of the Muscular System Movement-responsible for all types of body movement both voluntary and involuntary Add in digestion Pump blood Supporting soft tissues in body cavities Maintaining body temperature Guarding entrances and exits to body Three Types of Muscles Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles Smooth Muscles Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles Characteristics of Muscles Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber) Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments All muscles share some terminology Prefixes myo and mys refer to “muscle” Prefix sarco refers to “flesh” Skeletal Muscles Produce movement Maintain posture Stabilize joints Generate heat Skeletal muscle tissue • Associated with & attached to the skeleton • • • Under our conscious (voluntary) control Microscopically the tissue appears striated Cells are long, cylindrical & multinucleate Sites of Muscle Attachments Sites of muscle attachment Bones Cartilages Connective tissue coverings Microanatomy of a Muscle Fiber (cell) Microanatomy of a Muscle Fiber (cell) Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle tissue • • • • • Makes up myocardium of heart Unconsciously (involuntarily) controlled Microscopically appears striated Cells are short, branching & have a single nucleus Cells connect to each other at intercalated discs Smooth Muscle Smooth (visceral) muscle tissue • Makes up walls of organs & blood vessels • • • Tissue is non-striated & involuntary Cells are short, spindle-shaped & have a single nucleus Tissue is extremely extensible, while still retaining ability to contract Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction • Skeletal muscles require stimulation from the nervous system in order to contract • Motor neurons are the cells that cause muscle fibers to contract Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells Excitability (also called responsiveness or irritability)— ability to receive and respond to a stimulus Contractility—ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received Extensibility—ability of muscle cells to be stretched Elasticity—ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a motor neuron (nerve cell) to contract Motor unit—one motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron Control of Muscles • Skeletal muscles are made up of thousands of muscle fibers • A single motor neuron may directly control a few fibers within a muscle, or hundreds to thousands of muscle fibers • All of the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron constitute a motor unit The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential The size of the motor unit determines how fine the control of movement can be – small motor units precise control (e.g. eye muscles large motor units gross control (e.g. leg muscles) Recruitment is the ability to activate more motor units as more force (tension) needs to be generated Hypertrophy – “stressing” a muscle (i.e. exercise) causes more myofilaments/myofibrils to be produced within muscle fibers; allows for more “cross bridges” resulting in more force (strength) as well as larger size There are always some motor units active, even when at rest. This creates a resting tension known as muscle tone, which helps stabilize bones & joints, & prevents atrophy How Muscles Work • For muscles to create a movement, they can only pull, not push • Muscles in the body rarely work alone, & are usually arranged in groups surrounding a joint • A muscle that contracts to create the desired action is known as an agonist or prime mover • A muscle that helps the agonist is a synergist • A muscle that opposes the action of the agonist, therefore undoing the desired action is an antagonist Anatomy of the Muscular System • Origin Muscle attachment that remains fixed • Insertion Muscle attachment that moves • Action What joint movement a muscle i.e. flexion, extension, abduction, produces etc. Muscles and Body Movements Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone Muscles are attached to at least two points Origin Attachment to a moveable bone Insertion Attachment to an immovable bone Skeletal muscle movements Flexion/extension Abduction/adduction Rotation – left/right; internal(medial)/external(lateral) pronation/supination Elevation/depression Protraction/retraction Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion Inversion/eversion Types of Body Movements Flexion Decreases the angle of the joint Brings two bones closer together Typical of bending hinge joints like knee and elbow or ball-and- socket joints like the hip Extension Opposite of flexion Increases angle between two bones Typical of straightening the elbow or knee Extension beyond 180° is hypertension Types of Body Movements Rotation Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis Common in ball-and-socket joints Example is when you move atlas around the dens of axis (shake your head “no”) Types of Body Movements Abduction Movement of a limb away from the midline Adduction Opposite of abduction Movement of a limb toward the midline Types of Body Movements Circumduction Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction Common in ball-and-socket joints Types of Body Movements Dorsiflexion Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin (toward the dorsum) Plantar flexion Depressing the foot (pointing the toes) “Planting” the foot toward the sole Special Movements Inversion Turn sole of foot medially Eversion Turn sole of foot laterally Special Movements Supination Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly Radius and ulna are parallel Pronation Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly Radius and ulna cross each other like an X Special Movements Opposition Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand Naming of Skeletal Muscles By direction of muscle fibers Example: Rectus (straight) By relative size of the muscle Example: Maximus (largest) By location of the muscle Example: Temporalis (temporal bone) By number of origins Example: Triceps (three heads) By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion Example: Sterno (on the sternum) By shape of the muscle Example: Deltoid (triangular) By action of the muscle Example: Flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone) (d) Circular a) Convergent Muscles of the shoulder Muscles of the shoulder Muscles that move the arm Muscles that move the arm Muscles that move the forearm and wrist Muscles that move the thigh Muscles that move the thigh Muscles that move the leg Muscles that move the foot and toes Muscles that move the foot and toes Muscles that move the foot and toes Muscles that move the foot and toes List of Muscles to Know Trapezius Buccinator Latissimus dorsi Masseter Gluteus medius External oblique Gluteus maximus Linea alba Calcaneus External intercostal Frontalis Internal oblique Orbicularis oculi Levator scapulae Zygomaticus Deltoid Orbicularis oris Pectoralis major Temporalis Pectoralis minor Occipitalis Tricheps brachii More List of Muscles to Know Flexor Carpi ulnaris Flexor carpi raialis Extensor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum longus Fibularis muscles Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential Synaptic cleft Gap between nerve and muscle Nerve and muscle do not make contact Area between nerve and muscle is filled with interstitial fluid Action potential reaches the axon terminal of the motor neuron Calcium channels open and calcium ions enter the axon terminal The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle Sodium rushes into the cell generating an action potential Once started, muscle contraction cannot be stopped Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none” Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated during the same interval Different combinations of muscle fiber contractions may give differing responses Graded responses—different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening Contraction of Skeletal Muscles Graded responses can be produced by changing: The frequency of muscle stimulation The number of muscle cells being stimulated at one time Types of Graded Responses Twitch Single, brief contraction Not a normal muscle function Summing of contractions One contraction is immediately followed by another The muscle does not completely return to a resting state due to more frequent stimulations The effects are added Unfused (incomplete) tetanus Some relaxation occurs between contractions but nerve stimuli arrive at an even faster rate than during summing of contractions Unless the muscle contraction is smooth and sustained, it is said to be in unfused tetanus Types of Graded Responses Fused (complete) tetanus No evidence of relaxation before the following contractions Frequency of stimulations does not allow for relaxation between contractions The result is a smooth and sustained muscle contraction Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli Muscle force depends upon the number of fibers stimulated More fibers contracting results in greater muscle tension Muscles can continue to contract unless they run out of energy Energy for Muscle Contraction Aerobic respiration Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy (about 32 ATP) A series of metabolic pathways occur in the mitochondria This is a slower reaction that requires continuous oxygen Carbon dioxide and water are produced Energy for Muscle Contraction Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation This reaction is not as efficient, but is fast Huge amounts of glucose are needed Lactic acid produces muscle fatigue Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to contract even with a stimulus Common cause for muscle fatigue is oxygen debt Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove oxygen deficit Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated lactic acid Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack of ATP causes the muscle to contract less Types of Muscle Contractions Isotonic contractions Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions The muscle shortens and movement occurs Example: bending the knee; rotating the arm Isometric contractions Tension in the muscles increases The muscle is unable to shorten or produce movement Example: push against a wall with bent elbows Muscle Tone Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed muscle Different fibers contract at different times to provide muscle tone and to be constantly ready Effect of Exercise on Muscles Exercise increases muscle size, strength, and endurance Aerobic (endurance) exercise (biking, jogging) results in stronger, more flexible muscles with greater resistance to fatigue Makes body metabolism more efficient Improves digestion, coordination Resistance (isometric) exercise (weight lifting) increases muscle size and strength Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle
