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The Great Artists and Philosophers of the Renaissance Global History and Geography I Name: ____________________ Leonardo da Vinci: Leonardo da Vinci was a true Renaissance man. Born in the small Italian village of Vinci in 1452, da Vinci had many interests and much skill. Leonardo became an artist, scientist, engineer, and inventor. In 1503, Leonardo completed his most famous painting, the Mona Lisa. Another important painting was Leonardo’s Last Supper. As a scientist, Leonardo drew natural objects and in dozens of notebooks recorded what he saw. He even dissected dead human bodies for study. In his notebooks, he also drew a bicycle, canon, machine gun, submarine, flying machine, and even a parachute long before these items were ever invented. Michelangelo: Michelangelo was born near Florence in 1475. At the age of 23, he became famous as a sculptor for his carving the Pieta. The sculpture shows Mary, the mother of Jesus, holding his dead body. Michelangelo also completed a statue of David. When he was thirty-three, the pope asked him to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. Michelangelo insisted that he was a sculptor and not a painter but the pope would not take no for an answer. Michelangelo painted the ceiling while lying on his back, 80 feet above the floor. It took four years to complete. He painted more than 300 people and pictures on the ceiling. Perspective in Art: A Lesson from the Renaissance Machiavelli: Machiavelli was a famous writer and historian. He had a job as a secretary to a government council that traveled throughout Italy. During these trips, Machiavelli met many rulers. He wondered how they got and kept power. As a result, he watched how they acted. Based on what he saw, Machiavelli set up his own ideas about how to rule. He stated them in a book titled The Prince. He believed that for a ruler, the ends justify the means. In other words, the usual rules for behavior do not apply to rulers. Rulers must do whatever is necessary to maintain power. Machiavelli believed that rulers should focus on power and success only. More Highlights of the Renaissance: William Shakespeare: The ideas of the Renaissance eventually spread to other regions. William Shakespeare wrote many plays whose popularity has endured for centuries. His dramas include Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet. He explored the full range of human activities and emotions. He was another great artist of the Renaissance. Galileo Galilei: Galileo Galilei rejected reliance on authorities and developed a more scientific method, which emphasized direct observation, measurement, and experimentation. This great Renaissance scientist challenged the Roman Catholic Church when he supported Nicholas Copernicus’ thesis that the earth and the other planets revolved around the sun. This contradicted Church teachings which stated that the earth was the center of the universe. Of course, Copernicus and Galileo were correct! Miguel de Cervantes: Another leading writer of the Renaissance was Miguel de Cervantes, a Spanish writer. He created the wonderful character of Don Quixote. Cervantes published the first part of his novel, Don Quixote de la Mancha, in 1605. Quixote sees himself as a knight who must right the wrongs of the world. With his servant, Sancho Panza, he rides throughout Spain. They have one adventure after another. Don Quixote is a comic character. People have loved Don Quixote for over 400 years. Thanks to the creation of moveable type, a printing press, developed by Johann Gutenberg in the 1400s, books became more readily available. Questions from yesterday and today: 1: What was the Renaissance? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 2: Define humanism. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 3. Define secularism. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 4. Where, when and why did the Renaissance begin? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 5. Who did Renaissance thinkers study? Why? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 6. Who was Machiavelli and why was he important? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 7. Do you agree or disagree with Machiavelli? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 8. Who was Leonardo da Vinci and what were his accomplishments? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 9. What is perspective in art? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 10. Who was Michelangelo and what were his accomplishments? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 11. Why did Galileo Galilei get in trouble with the Roman Catholic Church? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 12. Why did the scientific method often lead to conflict with the Roman Catholic Church? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 13. Who was Cervantes and why is he remembered? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 14. Who invented moveable type and the printing press? How did this invention change world history? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 15. Who was William Shakespeare and why is he considered a great Renaissance writer? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 16. How does the Renaissance still influence us today? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution began during the Renaissance and continued through the 17th and 18th centuries. It rejected traditional authority and church teachings in favor of a new scientific method, in which scientists observed nature, made hypotheses (educated guesses) about relationships, and tested their hypotheses through experiments. During this period, scientists invented new scientific tools and new ways of looking at the world. Scientists invented the telescope and many other instruments that helped them observe and measure the natural world. Scientists like Galileo Galilei used the telescope to observe the planets. Galileo concluded that a previous scientist’s (Copernicus’) theory that the planets revolved around the sun was correct. The Catholic Church believed that the planets revolved around the earth and imprisoned Galileo for such heretical beliefs! Galileo Galilei also tested the movements of falling objects. However, the most influential thinker of the Scientific Revolution was Sir Isaac Newton. Newton developed a theory to explain both the movements of planets and how objects fall on earth. Newton reduced all these patterns to a single formula: the law of gravity. Newton’s discovery raised hopes that the entire universe acted according to certain fixed and fundamental laws. It seemed that all scientists had to do was to apply observation, experimentation, and mathematics to understand and predict the natural world. The Scientific Revolution greatly changed the way people thought. Questions: 1- Why do you think the Scientific Revolution began during the Renaissance? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 2- Describe the scientific method or the scientist’s way of reaching conclusions about the natural world? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 3- Why was the Roman Catholic Church threatened by the Scientific Revolution? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 4- Who was Galileo and why was he important? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 5- Who was Sir Isaac Newton and why was he important? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Throughout the Middle Ages, Europeans’ scientific knowledge had experienced little change because the Catholic Church had preserved the acceptance of a system of beliefs based on the teachings of the ancient Greeks and Romans which it had incorporated into religious doctrine. During this period there was little scientific inquiry and experimentation. Rather, students of the sciences simply read the works of the alleged authorities and accepted their word as truth. However, during the Renaissance, this passivity began to change. The quest to understand the natural world led to the revival of the sciences. These scientific observers were surprised to find that their conclusions did not always match up with the accepted truths, and this finding inspired others to delve further into the study of the world around them. Scientific study quickly extended from the earth to the heavens, and Nicolas Copernicus, upon examining the records of the motions of heavenly bodies, soon discarded the old geocentric theory that placed the Earth at the center of the solar system and replaced it with a heliocentric theory in which the Earth was simply one of a number of planets orbiting the sun. Though this scheme seemed to comply better with the astronomical records of the time, Copernicus had little direct evidence to support his claims. However, eventually through the use of a telescope, Galileo Galilei was able to prove Copernicus’ theory. How did scientific thinking differ from the religious thinking of the medieval period: 1- ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 2- ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 3- ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 4- ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Isaac Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based on 1. 2. 3. 4. the experiences of past civilizations experimentation and observation emotions and feelings the teachings of the Catholic Church During the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, one similarity in the work of many scientists and philosophers was that they 1. 2. 3. 4. relied heavily on the ideas of medieval thinkers favored an absolute monarchy as a way of improving economic conditions received support from the Catholic Church examined natural laws governing the universe Which statement best describes the effects of the works of Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Sir Isaac Newton, and René Descartes? 1. 2. 3. 4. The acceptance of traditional authority was strengthened. The scientific method was used to solve problems. Funding to education was increased by the English government. Interest in Greek and Roman drama was renewed. Galileo Galilei, (1564-1642) the gifted and extremely curious Italian scientist, made great use of the telescope to discover such unsettling things as the irregularities of the moon's surface; it was believed at the time to be perfectly smooth, a belief which conformed to Catholic dogma. Moreover, Galileo's observations with the telescope led him to the conclusion that Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) was right: the earth did indeed orbit around the sun and not vice versa. Such a viewpoint cast great doubt on the accepted natural philosophy (first enunciated by Aristotle) of a geocentric universe and thus of human beings' centrality in the universe. Thus the conflict between religion and science in the seventeenth century was begun. Galileo also discovered the moons of Jupiter from January to March, 1610. This discovery cast even greater doubt on the perfection of the Aristotelian universe which had been described by the Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy in the second century, A.D. List Four Facts About Galileo Galilei: 1: ___________________________________________________________ 2: ___________________________________________________________ 3: ___________________________________________________________ 4: ___________________________________________________________ In the 1633 trial of Galileo Galilei, two worlds come into cosmic conflict. Galileo's world of science and humanism collides with the world of Scholasticism and absolutism that held power in the Catholic Church. The result is a tragedy that marks both the end of Galileo's liberty and the end of the Italian Renaissance. Galileo Galilei was born in 1564 - the same year that Shakespeare was born and Michelangelo died. From an early age, Galileo showed his scientific skills. At age nineteen, he discovered the isochronisms of the pendulum. By age twenty-two, he had invented the hydrostatic balance. By age twenty- five, Galileo assumed his first lectureship, at the University of Pisa. Within a few more years, Galileo earned a reputation throughout Europe as a scientist and superb lecturer. Eventually, he would be recognized as the father of experimental physics. Galileo's motto might have been "follow knowledge wherever it leads us." At the University of Padua, where Galileo accepted a position after three years in Pisa, he began to develop a strong interest in Copernican theory or the revolutionary idea that the Sun was at the center of the universe and that the Earth--rotating on an axis--orbited around the sun once a year. Copernicus' theory met mostly with skepticism. Skeptics countered with the "common sense" notion that the earth they stood on appeared not to move at all--much less at the speed required to fully rotate every twenty-four hours while spinning around the sun. Sometime in the mid-1590s, Galileo concluded that Copernicus got it right. Galileo's discovery of the telescope in 1609 enabled him to confirm his beliefs in the Copernican system and emboldened him to make public arguments in its favor. Galileo decided that Copernicus was worth a fight. He decided to address his arguments to the enlightened public at large, rather than the academics. Galileo published a book involving a debate between a supporter of Copernicus and a supporter of the Church. The Church was angered by Galileo’s book and brought him to trial. Galileo was found guilty of heresy and placed under house arrest. Eventually, Galileo went blind from looking at the sun through his telescope. While the Church temporarily succeeded in silencing scientists, science could not be permanently silenced. Would you have challenged the Church as Galileo did? Explain your answer. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________