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Transcript
The Renaissance 1400-1600 1.1 The Renaissance Began in Florence Italy. Means “re-birth” after the Middle Ages-Black Plaque Rebirth of classical Greek and Roman • Produced: artists, architects, scholars, and scientists in short span of time. • Time of creativity and change in many areas • political, social, economic, and cultural. • Humanism-focus on individual accomplishments • Paintings were realistic and focused less on religious topics. • Rich families became patrons and commissioned great art. (de Medici’s) Dance – Renaissance: Court Dances court dances- fancy occasions for the upper class to show off in front of nobility. heavy gowns, large headdresses, long lacy sleeves, Movements were restrained and refined. Slides, glides, small, slow steps, poses, and curtsies. first court dances were done low to the ground. (basse) peasant dances- were lively and consisted of large, wide steps performed mostly on grassy town squares. Types of dances Pavane: meaning “peacock.” a basse dance performed at ceremonies for Kings and Queens movements were slow walking steps, which traveled forward and backward. Galliard: a lively dance, which included a number of hops and kicking steps Types of dances The Allemande: The Courante: Consisted of four dances together Hands were held at all times during this dance Movements were made up in such a way as to keep partners joined together throughout the dance. Now used for a step in square dancing. This dance displayed gestures of courtship and flirtation The steps included walks, tiny runs, and glides. Other forms of entertainment at the court Jousting 1.2 Drama/Theatre - Renaissance Commedia dell’Arte- (Italy) means comedy of the professional guilds of artists stock characters(10-12) some wore masks, special skills of the actors, acrobats, dancers, musicians, and improvisers Slapstick humor short, physical comedy routines only venue for women actors until the English stage in the late 17th century. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Elizabethan Theater English-speaking playwright 38 plays tragedy, comedy, and English history During the reign of Elizabeth I His plays occur over long periods of time, in many locations, and involve multiple subplots in addition to the main plot. violence on stage, ghosts and spirits. platform on stage in which multiple locations could be imagined. outdoor theatres Costuming was everyday clothing Only men Examples of Shakespeare’s plays include: Tragedy: Romeo & Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, Othello Comedy: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Twelfth Night, Much Ado About Nothing, Taming of the Shrew History: Henry V The Globe Theatre In London built in 1599 Thrust stage Paid according to where you sat The yard or pit- paid a penny. The gallery two pennies for the first level, three pennies for the second and so on. Color of flag flying Black- tragedy , white-comedy and red-history. Destroyed by fire in 1613 Second Globe Theatre was built on the same site June 1614 and closed in 1642 Virtual tour The Summary of Taming of the Shrew The beautiful and gentle Bianca has no shortage of admirers (Lucentio, Gremio and Hortensio) but her father insists that she will not marry until her shrewish sister, Katharina, is betrothed. Bianca's suitors persuade fortune-seeker Petruchio to court her. The suitors pay for any costs involved and there is also the goal of Katharina's dowry. Petruchio marries Katharina and he carries Katharina off to his country house with his servant Grumio. Petruchio intends to browbeat Katharina into submission and he denies her food, sleep and her new clothes, whilst continuously singing her praises. Katharina is tamed. They return to Padua where Lucentio has won Bianca. At a banquet they wager on who has the most obedient wife. Each wife is issued with commands but only Katharina obeys and promptly lectures everyone on the importance of wifely submission Character Map Taming of the Shrew "the shrew" refers to Katherine "tamer of the shrew" refers to Petruccio, sister in both the play and film have the same name, Bianca. Baptista (the very wealthy father of Katherine and Bianca) desires to find husbands for both his daughters, offering a fine dowry; Bianca, the younger and fairer, gets more offers for marriage, but Baptista, for some reason, desires his eldest, Katherine, the "shrew," to marry first, restricting Bianca. From there, the character who desires Bianca, Lucentio, finds Petruccio, who only wants to marry, to "tame" Katherine, so Lucentio accordingly can marry Bianca. 10 Things I hate about you “Shrew” Katarina (Kat) "tamer" Patrick (or 'Pat'). Katarina's sister in both the play and film have the same name, Walter (the father of Kat and Bianca), of course, desires the best for his daugters, as fathers ought. To Bianca's demise, their father restricts her dating without Kat dating as well; Bianca, the more popular, extraverted, and absent-minded of the two, for her reasons, gets frustrated at her sister, Kat, who seems incapable of any positive human interaction. For an upcoming dance, Bianca has a choice between two dates, Joey and Cameron, but her two rivaling dates find Pat, a rebellious teenager who plays the "shrew," and, who they think, may attract Kat, since, of course, Bianca cannot date without Kat. Through Pat's often ridiculous and hilarious attempts, he wins Kat's heart, "taming" her anti-social ways. 1.3 Renaissance Music Music helped to reconcile faith and reason Movement from monophonic (one sound) to polyphonic Polyphonic: many sounds Multiple musical lines together 2 or more separate voices or parts Rise of instrumental and secular music (non-religious) Council of Trent (1545-1562) Reformation in the Catholic church Changes in music & mass Away from polyphonic Distracted from text Wanted monophonic Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 1525-1594 Italian Renaissance Composer polyphony perfect balance of voices, seamless phrasing the sound seems to never stop Every voice part is equally important Pope Marcellus Mass Well-known work Other Composers John Dowland (1563-1626) William Byrd (1543/1623) English wrote church/liturgical English known for music melancholy songs- "Flow my tears” Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) Italian composer, marked the Orlando di Lasso (1532-1594) transition from the Franco-Flemish who studied Renaissance style of music to polyphonic style that of the Baroque period. Opera-L'Orfeo, Types of Music Motet Sacred music used in the Mass Sung in Latin Polyphonic, use of Imitation Performed a cappella with pure sound Performed by a small chorus Madrigal Secular music Use several languages (English, Italian) Performed by a small chorus Polyphonic, use of Imitation Texts are sometimes about erotic love Use of word painting Performed at a faster tempo Used at courtly social gatherings 1.4a Visual Art - Renaissance Renaissance art united Christian faith and human reason. Wealthy individuals and families supported learning and the arts through a system of patronage. Wealthy patrons commissioned personal portraits, landscapes, and nudes. Lorenzo de Medici was a member of the wealthiest family in Florence Artists studied Classical Greek and Roman sculptures, as well as the science of anatomy Linear perspective and atmospheric was discovered and allowed a completely realistic viewpoint. Oil paint was invented in Northern Europe, and allowed artists to better capture realistic details. Characteristics of Renaissance Art 1. Realism & Expulsion from Expression the Garden Masaccio 1427 First nudes since classical times. 2. Perspective The Trinity Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Masaccio 1427 Perspective! First use of linear perspective! What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become. 3. Classicism Greco-Roman influence. Secularism. Humanism. Individualism free standing figures. Symmetry/Balance The “Classical Pose” Medici “Venus” (1c) 4. Emphasis on Individualism Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466. 5. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate Leonardo da Vinci 1469 The figure as architecture! 6. Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges Sfumato Chiaroscuro The Renaissance “Man” Broad knowledge about many things in different fields. Deep knowledge/skill in one area. Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge. The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education. Renaissance Man Song Famous Artists Leonardo da Vinci (1452) Botany, anatomy, music, architect, engineer Dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work. Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Leonardo, the Artist The Virgin of the Rocks Leonardo da Vinci 1483-1486 Leonardo, the Artist: From hisNotebooks of over 5000 pages (1508-1519) Mona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4 A Macaroni Mona A Picasso Mona An Andy Warhol Mona A “Mona”ca Lewinsky Mona Lisa OR da Vinci?? The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498 & Geometry Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie Milan vertical The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498 horizontal Perspective! Deterioration Detail of Jesus The Last Supper Leonardo da Vinci 1498 Leonardo, the Sculptor An Equestrian Statue 1516-1518 Leonardo, the Architect: Pages from his Notebook Study of a central church. 1488 Leonardo, the Architect: Pages from his Notebook Plan of the city of Imola, 1502. Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology): Pages from his Notebook An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature. Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy): Pages from his Notebook Leonardo, the Inventor: Pages from his Notebook Family Guy Leonardo, the Engineer: A study of siege defenses. Pages from his Notebook Studies of water-lifting devices. Michelangelo Buonorrati (1475) Sculptor, engineer, painter, architect Pieta, which captures the sorrow of Mary as she cradles the dead Christ on her knees. Statue of David Sistine Chapel in Rome painted ceiling Michelangelo He represented the body in three dimensions of sculpture. David 1504 Marble 15c What a difference a century makes! 16c The Pieta 1499 marble The Sistine Chapel 1508 - 1512 The Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling Michelangelo Buonarroti 1508 - 1512 The Sistine Chapel Details The Creation of the Heavens The Sistine Chapel Details Creation of Man A Modern “Adaptation” Joe Gallo in the New York Daily News, 2004 The Sistine Chapel Details The Fall from Grace The Sistine Chapel Details The Last Judgment Raphael (1483) Painter Raphael studied Michelangelo and da Vinci Blended Christian and Classical styles. Best known for his tender portrayals of the Madonna, the mother of Jesus. The School of Athens (1509) Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520) Self-Portrait, 1506 Portrait of the Artist with a Friend, 1518 Baldassare Castiglione by Raphael, 1514-1515 Castiglione represented the humanist “gentleman” as a man of refinement and self-control. Perspective! Betrothal of the Virgin Raphael 1504 Raphael’s Canagiani Madonna, 1507 Raphael’s Madonnas (1) Sistine Madonna Cowpepper Madonna Raphael’s Madonnas (2) Madonna della Sedia Alba Madonna The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11 One point perspective. All of the important Greek philosophers and thinkers are included A great variety of poses. No Christian themes here. The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11 Da Vinci Raphael Michelangelo The School of Athens – Raphael, details Plato: looks to the heavens [or the IDEAL realm]. Aristotle: looks to this earth [the here and now]. Botticelli 1445-1510 Was a member of the Medici family His real name was Alessandro Filipepi Liked to paint religious paintings for churches Most famous work is The Birth of Venus Birth of Venus – Botticelli, 1485 An attempt to depict perfect beauty. 1.4b Northern Renaissance Art The continuation of late medieval attention to details. Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”]. Interest in landscapes. More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life. Details of domestic interiors. Great skill in portraiture. Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441) Developed oil painting More courtly and aristocratic work. Court painter to the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good. The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435. Van Eyck -Adoration of the Lamb, Ghent Altarpiece, 1432 Van Eyck: The Crucifixion & The Last Judgment 1420-1425 Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife (Wedding Portrait) Jan Van Eyck 1434 Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife (details) Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) The greatest of German artists. A scholar as well as an artist. Scientist Wrote books on geometry, fortifications, and human proportions. Self-conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits. Self-Portrait at 26, 1498. Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared Robe, 1500 Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-1569) One of the greatest artistic geniuses of his age. In touch with humanists thoughts. Was deeply concerned with human vice and follies. A master of landscapes. People in his works often have round, blank, heavy faces. They are expressionless, mindless, and sometimes malicious. They are types, rather than individuals. Their purpose is to convey a message. Bruegel’s, Mad Meg, 1562 Bruegel’s, The Beggars, 1568 Bruegel’s, Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind, 1568 Bruegel’s, Niederlandisch Proverbs, 1559 Renaissance Art Game http://flashnhistory.com/FlashPrograms/RenaissanceA rt3.swf Renaissance Review Time of rebirth after dark Middle Ages Artwork flourished “renaissance man”-someone who could do it all Dances were performed at the King’s court or in grassy towns by peasants. People wore heavy garments Shakespeare wrote plays that were performed at the Globe theatre in London.