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GOOD MORNING! Today we will: Turn in – Missing/Late Work – 1st 6 weeks ends THIS FRIDAY! • • • • Pick up your History of the Universe Book WARM UP Continue notes (clarification & index fossils HW: Analysis Questions from Part 1 Activity Reddo for Honors Test Questions WARM UP: Can you identify the rocks? Describe how you would tell the difference between a sedimentary and igneous rock. (What would you look for?) Rock Cycle / Rock Formation Put each of the following formation terms under the appropriate rock type: pressure erosion cooling compaction melting heat cementation burial weathering quickly solidify deposition slowly solidify Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic Rock Cycle / Rock Formation Sedimentary weathering erosion cementation deposition compaction Igneous cooling melting quickly solidify Metamorphic heat pressure There are 3 types of rocks on Earth: 1. Igneous (“fire”) Rocks – rocks formed when magma (hot liquid formed from melting of Earth’s crust) cools and hardens. There are two types of igneous rocks: a. Intrusive igneous rocks (rocks that cool INside the Earth – under the surface): Larger crystals due to SLOWER cooling b. Extrusive igneous rocks (rocks that form from lava – magma that is ejected/ EXits out of the Earth – and cool on the Earth’s surface): Small/ fine grain texture due to FASTER cooling Gas bubbles may be present Characteristics: • White, black or grey (or “peppered” – may also have pale coloring) • Glassy, porous (holes from gas bubbles escaping lava), crystal structure, “ashy,” well-mixed (no fossils, no distinct layers/ bands) Examples: granite obsidian pumice • 2. Sedimentary Rocks – rocks formed from sediments (minerals, sand, small pieces of plant/ organic matter) that are deposited over time (usually as layers, called strata). The sediments in these rocks are compressed for long periods of time before they become solid layers of rock. • Sediments form from weathering (rock is dissolved, worn away, and/ or broken down into smaller pieces) and erosion (rock/ sediments are picked up and moved to another location by ice, wind, water, or gravity) • Following erosion, sediments are deposited (in layers) in various landforms such as lakes and oceans. After long periods of time, many sediment layers are deposited on top of each other, creating lots of pressure. This pressure compacts the layers and cements them together to form sedimentary rocks. Characteristics: layers, grainy texture, fossils may be present, may be pebbled Examples: sandstone, limestone • 3. Metamorphic Rocks – igneous or sedimentary rocks that have changed (“metamorphosed” – like a caterpillar goes through metamorphosis to become a butterfly!) by exposure to intense heat and pressure while they are buried deep inside the Earth. • Characteristics: wavy layers or bands, crystals oriented in the SAME direction, slightly rough texture • Examples: Slate shale schist gneiss quartz marble The Rock Cycle A continuous process by which rocks are created, changed, and formed again. Each type of rock goes through different processes in and on the Earth to become a different type of rock, over and over again! Law of Superposition • Sedimentary layers or beds are deposited in order of formation with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on top. • When older sedimentary layers are eroded before younger sedimentary layers are formed a disconformity results. This is a gap in the sequence of the rock record Fossils • Fossils are preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past • Index fossils are fossils of organisms which were abundant and existed during relatively short periods of geologic time • Index fossils are used as guides to the age of the rocks in which they are found LAB GROUPS • • • • • • • • Table #1: Kane, Natalie, Julia, Abdiel Table #2: Ashlyn, Makenzie, Cainin Table #3: Kailyn, Christian, Uriah, Isabel Table #4: Henry, Dom, Bree, Patrick Table #5: Rachael, Orlando, Charlotte Table #6: Anthony, Josiah, Jared, Nico Table #7: Enrique, Victor, Leah Table #8: Ethan, Matt, Sydney LAB GROUPS • • • • • • • • Table #1: Abilene, Rhyan, Liam, Fidel Table #2: Alex, Sam, Lauren, Carien Table #3: Andrea, Anthony, Ginny, Chaz Table #4: Nayeli, Niko, Colleen, Tanner Table #5: Andrew, Christian, Ashley, Trinity Table #6: Alex, Jack Table #7: Luis, Codi, AnaLena Table #8: Dom, OLivia GOOD MORNING! Today we will: Turn in – Missing/Late Work – 1st 6 weeks ends THIS FRIDAY! • • • • WARM UP Analysis Questions of Part 1 Begin Part 2 Index Fossils HW: CQC Background Information WARM UP What does the Law of Superposition tell us about sedimentary rock layers? PART 1 SEDIMENTARY ROCK LAYERS 5 2 & 20 14 & 19 13 1 & 18 7 12 11 & 3 & 15 10 16 4 6&9 8 17 You will have 25 min to complete your Analysis Questions! Turn into the wire basket Make the conversion … An outcrop layer is 98 ft thick. Determine the thickness in kilometers. 1 km = 0.621 mi, 1 mi = 5,280 ft Geologic Time … • Absolute dating places rocks or events at a specific time (320 mya) • Relative dating puts rocks or events in chronological order (older vs. younger) • Identify absolute and relative ages in the diagram to the left Put the events / layers that occurred in the outcrop below in order. CQC: Correlating Rock Layers As you read the background information for Correlating Rock Layers, do the following: C: Make comments about the text as if you are speaking with the author Q: Ask questions that occur to you when something is interesting or confusing C: Make connections when the text reminds you of something you already know GOOD MORNING! Today we will: • Warm Up • Video Clip: Super Moon • Check Fossil Sketches • Begin Part 2: Matching Geologic Time with Index Fossils and Rock Layers • HW: Finish Table 2 (2nd page of packet) WARM UP What is the purpose of the 2 part activity that we are doing in class? *Hint – Put the events / layers that occurred in the outcrop below in order. Interpret the diagram below • Describe the relative age and absolute age of layer 3 Part 2: Matching Geologic Time with Index Fossils & Rock Layers At your lab tables… 1. 10 min: Make sure your sketches match with the correct fossils (Table A) 2. Procedure (#1-3) by grouping similar fossils by their characteristics – 20 min 3. Begin #4 GOOD MORNING! Today we will: • Warm Up • Quiz next Mon/Tues – Rock Types/Cycle – Sedimentary Layers – Index Fossils • Finish Part 2: Matching Geologic Time with Index Fossils and Rock Layers – Results & Analysis Questions • HW: Finish Part 2 Packet DUE (Mon/Tues) with Honors questions completed WARM UP: Rock Layer 3 in Diagram 1. Fossil name & # from our outcrop key 2. Period, Era, and Absolute Date 3. How do you know? PART 2: Determining Geologic Age of Rocks & Index Fossils • You will have the remainder of class to work on the – Results sequences (back of page 2) – Analysis Questions – Honors Questions (if it applies to you) • This packet is DUE MON (Per.1) or Tues (Per.2) Index Fossils Trilobite marine fossil that appeared in the early Cambrian and was extinct by the Devonian, it was very abundant during the Ordovician Below is a description of fossil #3 #3 Name: Crinoid stem Type: echinoderm • This piece of stem belonged to an animal that looked this way when it was alive. Its descendants are still around today, and are related to the starfish. People call them Sea Lilies because they look more like flowers than animals. They stood 2-3 feet tall. They were found in rock layers dated about 350 million years ago. Put information into the correct space in Table 2 Identify at least 2 or 3 things that must happen to transform the following rock types. Sedimentary →______ →_______ → ______ → igneous igneous →______ →_______ → ______ → metamorphic Events After Formation of Earth • Write a sentence summarizing significant aspects of events • Sketch a picture or diagram • Include geologic era or period if possible • Example: Earth’s atmosphere begins to collect oxygen: Precambrian Cyanobacteria evolved about 2.45 BYA and used photosynthesis to produce sugars and oxygen. Prior life relied on chemosynthesis (sulfates). Divisions in Geologic Time Percent of fossils not present in next era Geologic time is divided into eras based on observations of abrupt changes in fossil types Marine Extinction Intensity and numbers. Millions of years ago