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Download 8th Grade Social Studies PowerPoint The United States in World War II
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Transcript
Neutrality Act of 1937 • Forbade selling arms to belligerent nations 1939: Nazi blitzkrieg of Poland • WWII begins in Europe • Allies and Axis form • FDR: “This nation will remain a neutral nation” “Cash and Carry” agreements (1939) • Arms embargo repealed • Allowed for export of weapons Purchasing nation had to pay cash Carry weapons in their own ships FDR asked for $3,000,000,000 defense increase • Built up US army Gave 50 destroyers to British for 99 year lease on bases in British territories 1st ever peacetime draft Lend-Lease Act (1941) • US could lend or lease weapons to any country whose defense was deemed vital to the US US ended diplomatic relationship with Germany and Italy Atlantic Charter • Issued by FDR and Churchill (Great Britain’s Prime Minister) • Declared that signing nations would stand against governments that oppose the will of their people • 4 Freedoms: From want, from fear, of speech, of religion • Signed by 15 countries US defended its “sea frontier” • • • • 2/3 of the way to Great Britain Essentially undeclared war between Germany and US US helped Britain find and sink the German battleship Bismark Retaliation by Germans versus US destroyers Japan had signed a mutual assistance pact with Germany • Led by Hideki Tojo (Prime Minister) • Began preparing assault on eastern Asia US in negotiations with the Japanese • US army in the pacific was the only obstacle to the Japanese ambitions Japanese envoy received a message on Dec 7, 1941 to break off negotiations at 1PM • We had broken their code, knew the message • We failed to relay the message to Pearl Harbor in time Sunday, many people were off Sent in a non-priority telegraph Pearl Harbor was the naval base in Hawaii 7:55 Hawaii time bombs began dropping • December 7th, 1941 • Aimed at the American battleship fleet • Arizona, California, and Utah sunk 15 others, as well • 120 planes destroyed • 2408 people killed FDR referred to Pearl Harbor as “a date which will live in infamy” • Speech War declared on Japan, Dec 8 • Only one dissenting vote Germany and Italy declared war on US 3 days later 2 Theaters of World War II • Pacific • European Japanese bombed US base in the Philippines on same day as Pearl Harbor • Did much damage to US aircraft US retreated to Bataan Peninsula • US Gen. MacArthur went to Corregidor, then Australia Japanese won Destroyed a whole allied fleet Bataan fell Japanese war code had no provision for surrender • Did not know how to handle POWs • Bataan Death March across the island FDR wanted to show Japanese the Americans would never give up • Despite the losses Gen. James Tokyo Doolittle led bombing raid on • 16 B-25 Bombers • Had enough fuel to get to Tokyo, but not back Might be able to make it to China • Dropped bombs, but many planes crashed Tremendous psychological boost for US Japan tried to take New Guinea • Would allow them to then take Australia US sent out carriers to engage Japanese 2 fleets were 80 miles apart • Yet spent whole day trying and failing to find each other First naval engagement where ships to not engage one another • All fighting done by carrier-based planes Not decisive for either side • But the Japanese abandoned their plans US island Japanese planned attack using Zeroes • Fighter planes • Thought US weak and damaged US had broken Japanese code • Knew attack was coming • Prepared a counterstrike • Worked around the clock to fix fleet First Japanese strike successful • Destroyed half of the US planes US launched counterstrike as Zeroes returned to refuel • Destroyed bombers and fighter planes • Sunk the Japanese carriers Turning point of the Pacific Theatre US went on the offensive Guadalcanal • In the Solomon Islands • Ideal location for US air base US landed virtually unopposed The first night of the operation at Guadalcanal Japanese attack • Japanese took out 4 US cruisers Control of island changed every day and night • Japanese dominated at night • US air power proved superior during the day • Went on for 3 months Japanese went to take the US airfield Japanese sent waves of infantryman to take it from the Marines • They had set up on a ridge near the airfield • 3-1 odds • Bayonet attacks Marines held up • Killed 600 Japanese • Lost 40 marines Battle for Guadalcanal continued Japanese planned all out bombardment of airfield, large landing force • Henderson Field US sent fleet to head them off • Confusion amongst US forces Near crashes Friendly fire 5 US, 3 Japanese ships sunk • Earned nickname “Ironbottom Bay” US avoided assault of Henderson Field Japanese led one last all out assault • US fleet sunk 2 battleships, 11 troop transports • Japanese only landed 2,000 men US had sole possession of the island within 10 weeks European Theater “Operation Torch” • Amphibious landing in North Africa • Planned by US, Great Britain • Led by US General Dwight D. Eisenhower Morocco and Algeria • Most lightly held Axis-occupied territories British defeated General Erwin Rommel • “The Desert Fox” – German tank commander • At the Battle of El Alamein Germans counterattacked • Beat the US at the Battle of Kasserine Pass • US retook it, drove Germans from North Africa Allies wanted to invade Sicily • Island off the coast of Italy The “Man Who Never Was” • Body of unidentified soldier was given fake i.d. “Major Martin” • Body was dropped off of the coast of Spain Found by Axis agent Report “information” that Allies were going to attack Sardinia Axis powers prepared for invasion at Sardinia General Patton took Sicily Invasion of Sicily led to Italian Dictator Mussolini losing power New Italian government started secret negotiations with the Allies Sept 8, 1943 Italians surrendered unconditionally Nazis took control of Italian peninsula Operation Avalanche • The landing of US troops at Salerno Nazis were prepared for this landing • Almost destroyed Allied military • US had to put all their men (including non- combat personnel) into action Allies took Salerno Allies still had to go through rest of Italy Unconditional Surrender: One side has to surrender without negotiations • Cannot ask for special treatment or terms • Has to let itself be completely dominated by victorious side FDR and British P.M. Winston Churchill met at Casablanca in 1943 • Decided not to end war without unconditional surrender Delayed the end of the war AKA Terror bombing • Bombing of cities rather than military targets Destroy the will of the people to keep on fighting Also adopted by FDR/Churchill Done by both sides • Battle of Britain • Firebombing of Dresden Conference in November, 1943 “Big Three” • FDR, Churchill, Stalin (USSR) Goal: discuss war strategy Allies wanted Stalin to side with it • Made concessions to Stalin Endorsed USSR absorbing Eastern Poland Allies couldn’t get past Cassino in Italy Planned landing at Anzio • Thought this would split the German defenses • Little opposition to landing • But Allies didn’t advance their position Instead they waited for supplies • Germans brought in reserve troops Allies now stuck in both Anzio and Cassino Battle of First Cassino a disaster for US Second Cassino • US bombed Monte Cassino Old Benedictine Monastery Not actually a Nazi headquarters like they had thought • Didn’t help the war effort Third Cassino • All out attack at Anzio • Heavy losses, failure New plan • No more frontal assaults on strong enemy defenses • Used camaflouge, night movements to bring in reinforcements Caught Germans by surprise with next attack US victory on May 23rd, 1944 • Could have destroyed retreating German army • Instead, wanted to be first Allied troops in Rome Rome liberated June 4, 1944 Operation Overlord • Invasion of Normandy, France • Allies would cross English Channel • Largest amphibious invasion in history Misdirection • Allies led Germans to believe attack would come elsewhere Chance for bad weather • Gen. Eisenhower’s advisors suggested he wait • He knew Germans were not expecting attack • Ordered it to go ahead anyway 176,000 troops 4,000 invasion craft 600 warships 11,000 planes All landed on 60 mile line of Normandy’s coast US assigned two beaches • Utah • Omaha Heavier fighting with severe causalities Werner von Braun • Developed a rocket that could travel faster than sound and was virtually defenseless • Hitler told him he didn’t want it Changed his mind a year later Allies knew they were building this rocket • Bombed the factory • Put the program back a year First V-1 hit London June 13, 1944 • First V-2 hit London September 8, 1944 Very effective weapon • But too late in the war to win it for Germany German General Rommel tried to negotiate surrender on the Western Front • Wanted to focus forces on the USSR in the East • Denied, as it wasn’t unconditional surrender Stauffenberg failed to assassinate Hitler • Operation Valkyrie • Hitler executed 5000 opponents as a result Paris liberated August 25, 1944 Allies got bogged down in Holland Operation Market Garden • Paratroopers to land behind German lines • Secure bridges over the many canals • Allow US tanks to cross • Heavy fighting, slower progress than expected • Operation failed Allies had to take long way to Germany • Since Operation Market Garden failed Took Aachen on Oct. 21, 1944 • First major German city to be taken by Allies Battle of the Bulge • • • • • Germany had one final major counterattack Attacked through the Ardennes forest Didn’t use radio, leaving Allies off guard Advanced 50 miles, making a bulge in the Allied lines Surrounded US Gen. McAuliffe, told him to surrender “Nuts!” US Counterattacked, beat back Germans 100,000 GER deaths, 81,000 US death US had reinforcements, Germany did not Pacific Theatre US began strategic bombing Japan Battle of Philippine Sea • Japanese fleet sought out US fleet to attack it • US outnumbered the Japanese • US Submarine Albamore sunk Japanese carrier Taiho • Japanese left with only 35/430 aircraft Another step in MacArthur’s “Island Hopping” • Going from island to island in the Pacific Battle of Leyte Gulf • More ships involved than any other naval battle • Japanese feinted, sending empty carriers north US fell for it, sent most of its fleet after them • US went on offensive at both parts of the battle US easily beat the Japanese in the north US suffered immense casualties in the south Japanese took losses and left rather than crushing the US fleet • This battle essentially took the Japanese navy out of the war The USSR kept exerting its influence/taking over Eastern Europe Yalta Conference • FDR was sick Relied on Alger Hiss, his advisor Hiss later found to be a communist • FDR wanted to set up a United Nations Needed Stalin’s backing Allies turned a blind eye to USSR violence/take over throughout Eastern Europe Dresden, eastern Germany • Filled with hundreds of refugees • Not a city of military significance Allies firebombed the city • To hamper German troop movements • Buy time for the Russian army to get closer to Berlin, Germany’s capital • “to produce a stupefying effect on morale” • 135,000 residents killed US crossed the Rhine River at Remagen • Only bridge not destroyed by the Germans Offensive against Berlin began • April 16, 1945. • Attacking force of 1,600,000 soldiers Hitler committed suicide on April 30 May 2: Berlin fell • Germans in Italy surrendered May 8th: V-E Day • Victory in Europe • Official end of the war against Germany Secret agreement made at Yalta • People liberated by an Allied country would be sent back to their homeland Whether or not they wanted to return • Communists didn’t want people escaping Russia Many people asked the Allies to not be sent back • Forced back at bayonet point FDR died on Apr. 12, 1945 • Harry Truman became President Albert Einstein able to split the atom • Realized this could be weaponized Manhattan Project • The development of the atomic bomb • Thousands of people worked on different parts • Many of them didn’t know what they were doing Bombers trained for dropping “The Gimmick” They knew no more than that US took Iwo Jima • Raising of the flag • Fought through Bonzai charges US firebombing Tokyo • Killed 85,000 • Devastated 56 square miles US demanded unconditional surrender • Against Japanese warcode • Japanese willing to fight to last man, woman, and child US Planned mass invasion of Japan • Decided that toll on US lives would be too high Truman had a committee give advice on using the bomb • “the bomb should be used against Japan, without specific warning, as soon as possible, and against such targets as to make clear its devastating strength” Truman received coded message the bomb was ready • “Babies satisfactorily born” A group of scientists asked the bomb not be used US told Japanese to surrender unconditionally • “The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction” • Japanese asked to negotiate • US unwilling Enola Gay • B-29 bomber • Dropped “The Gimmick” on Hiroshima Little military significance 100,000 killed Japanese met to debate surrender • Split decision • Received word a second bomb had been dropped on Nagasaki • Emperor Hirohito intervened Even though he was usually just a figurehead Emperor Hirohito contacted US about surrender • Asked if they could at least keep their emperor US agreed to this one condition V-J Day • Victory in Japan • WWII officially over