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CUSTOMER_CODE
SMUDE
DIVISION_CODE
SMUDE
EVENT_CODE
JAN2016
ASSESSMENT_CODE MCA3020_JAN2016
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
18252
QUESTION_TEXT
Discuss Lorel Query Language. Differentiate between XML Oriented
Databases and Native XML Databases.
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
Lorel Query Language:Lorel is considered as an early query language
used for semi structured data. Lorel language makes use of the OEM
(Object Exchange Model) as the data model for semi structured data.
Lorel is utilized to expandOQL (Object Query Language) for the
procedure of querying elements. This is done by depending on coercion
at various levels to hold back the powerful typing of OQL. Lorel is also
used to extend OQL with path expressions. This is done in order that
user can state the patterns that are corresponding to actual paths in
referred data.(4 marks)
One of the advantages of Lorel language is its easy syntax which makes
users to understand it more clearly. The drawback of Lorel language is
that it is dependent on OQL parser. Also it comprises of limited
functionalities. (2 marks)
Differences between XML Oriented Databases and Native XML
Databases: XML-oriented databases are typically relational and enclose
model or pattern driven extensions for transporting data to and from
XML documents and are usually intended for data-centric documents.
Following are the differences between XML Oriented Databases and
Native XML Databases:
1.A native XML database is used to maintain physical structure. An
XML-oriented database can do so also, but practice shows a diverse
story.
2.Native XML database can accumulate data without schema. We could
make use of techniques to recognize structure in unprocessed documents
to be accumulated in XML-oriented systems. These types of techniques
are relatively limited.
3.XPath, DOM, or comparable XML-associates APIs are required to
access data in native XML systems. Alternatively, XML-oriented
systems provide direct access to the data via open-standard APIs, like
open database connectivity (ODBC).
(4 marks)
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
18253
QUESTION_TEXT
Explain Temporal Database and Multimedia Database.
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
Temporal Database: Temporal databases are used to record timereferenced data. Basically, majority of the database technologies are
temporal. For example: Record keeping function (inventory
administration, medical-record and personnel); Financial function
(banking, accounting and portfolio organization); Scientific function
(Weather monitoring), Scheduling function (project organization, hotel,
airline, and train reservations) all these functions trust on temporal
databases. (2 marks)
Temporal databases are best suited for the applications where
information as to organize on time constraints. Therefore temporal
database set a good example to demonstrate the requirement for
development of a combined set of concepts for the use of application
developers. The training of temporal database is designed by application
developers and designers. There are numerous applications where time is
an important factor in storing the information. For example: Insurance,
Healthcare, Reservation Systems, and Scientific Databases. (2 marks)
In case of temporal applications, even the two instances utilized might be
simply expanded. For example, in COMPANY database, it might be
desirable to keep PROJECT, JOB, and SALARY histories of all the
employees. It can be applied to UNIVERSITY database as well, to store
the grade history of STUDENT. The details about the YEAR,
SEMESTER, COURSE and each SECTION are also included in this
database.(1 mark)
Multimedia Database: Multimedia databases facilitate the users to store
as well as generate query for retrieving multimedia information. This
information can demand for: Documents (like articles/books/journals),
Images (like drawings/pictures), Video Clips (like
newsreels/movies/hone videos); Audio clips (like speeches/ phone
messages/ songs).(1 mark)
The primary type of database query generally tries to locate multimedia
sources comprising of particular objects of interest. Such as, one user
wants to locate all the video clips regarding aa specific person, say
Michael Jackson in a video database. Another scenario may be as of
someone willing to retrieve video clips grounded on specific activities
like, video clips where a soccer goal is scored by a certain player or
team. These type of queries are mentioned as content based retrieval, as
they retrieve information bases on a certain activity/object from the
multimedia sources.
(2 marks)
To make this retrieval fast, the multimedia database must make use of
some model to index and manage multimedia sources grounded on the
contents. But identifying the contents of multimedia sources is lengthy
and difficult task. To accomplish this task, two approaches can be
followed as defined below:
1.Based on automatic analysis of the multimedia sources. It is done to
recognize the contents mathematical characteristics.
2.Based on manual identification of the objects and objectives of interest
in each multimedia source. And later on depending on this information
index the sources.
(2 marks)
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
73631
QUESTION_TEXT
What is an adaptive system? What are the features that make the query
processing system to be adaptive? Discuss the applications of adaptive
query processing system.
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
Definition – 2 marks 3 features – 3 marks 5 applications – 1 mark
each
Adaptive systems are systems that modify their behavior by the use of
introspection, learning etc. also known as self tuning or dynamic
systems.
Features – obtains information from its environment
• Applies this information to decide its behavior
• This process repeats again and again, resulting in a feedback loop
among environment and behavior
Applications:
• Adaptive query processing in data grids (used to offer better QoS to
users and applications in spite of dynamically changing resourecs and
environments)
• Adaptive query processing in internet applications (efficiently
dealing with transfer rates and unpredictable, dynamic data volumes by
making use of adaptive query processing techniques)
• Adaptive query processing in web based data integration
(Mediators for this application requires the capability to handle
multiple, often conflicting objectives such as cost, coverage and
execution flexibility. This requires the development of adaptive query
processing algorithms)
• Adaptive query processing in wide area database systems (it is
difficult to produce efficient database query plans depending upon
information available only at compile time in broad area db systems.
Solution is by adusting query plan to varying conditions during
execution as well as by making use of information that becomes
available at query run time)
• To detect and correct optimizer (Adaptive query processing is
utilized to detect and correct optimizer errors due to wrong statistics or
simplified cost metrics)
QUESTION_T
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
YPE
QUESTION_ID 125267
QUESTION_T
State the differences between centralized and distributed database.
EXT
5 differences ->2 marks each. Any 5 advantages among those mentioned
below may be written
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
125269
QUESTION_TEXT
What is denormalization? Explain its techniques.
Definition – 2 marks
each
4 techniques – 2 marks
Denormalization is the process of converting higher normal norms to
lower normal forms with the objective of getting faster access to
database.
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
(a) Duplicate data – method of adding duplicate data into relational
table. This will minimize the number of joins required to execute a given
query. It also minimizes the CPU and I/O resources being utilized as
well as boosts up the performance
(b) Summary data – records are summarized in some summary
columns thereby reducing the number of records stored in a table. This
enhances database performance as now the database server needs to
process lesser records for a given query execution
(c) Horizontal partitioning – table is split by rows thereby reducing the
number of records paer table and hence drives the performance
(d) Vertical fragmentation – breaks relations by columns. It makes
more than 2 tables by allocating the original key to all and allocating a
few of the non key columns to every newly made identical keyed table
QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
125274
QUESTION_TEXT Explain Fifth Normal Form (5NF).
Fifth normal form is the highest normal form used in relational database
design. It is mostly used when there is a large relational database.
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
The fifth normal form has developed by an IBM researcher, Ronald
Fagin. According to the Fagin’s theorem, “The original table must be
reconstructed from the tables into which it has been decomposed.” 5NF
allows decomposing a relation into three or more relations.
5NF is based on the concept of join dependency. Join dependency means
that a relation, after being broken down into 3 or more smaller relations,
should be capable of being combined all over again on similar key to
result in the creation of the original table. The join dependency is more
general form of multi-valued dependency.
(2 marks)
A relation (R) meets the condition of fifth normal form (R1, R2, ……Rn)
if and only if R is equal to the join of R1, R2, ……Rn (Here, Ri are
subsets of set of attributes of R)
Any relation R is said to be in 5NF or PJNF (Project-Join Normal Form)
if foe all join dependencies in any case one of the following holds.
(a) (R1, R2, ……Rn) is trivial join-dependency (that is one of Rt is R)
(b) Every Riis an candidate key for relation R.
(2 marks)
Definition of Fifth Normal Form: A relation should be in fifth normal
form (5NF) if and only if all join dependency in the table is connected by
candidate keys of the relation.
(2 marks)
The table before Fifth Normal Form:
The table after Fifth Normal Form:
(4 marks)