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Transcript
Presentation on Electrical measurements & measuring instruments – Galvanometer • is a PMMC instrument designed to be sensitive to extremely low current levels. • The simplest galvanometer is a very sensitive instrument with the type of center-zero scale. • The torque equation for a galvanometer is exactly as discussed in the previous section. • The most sensitive moving-coil galvanometer use tautband suspension, and the controlling torque is generated by the twist in the suspension ribbon. 2 – With the moving-coil weight reduced to the lowest possible minimum for greatest sensitivity, the weight of t he pointer can create a problem. The solution is by mounting a small mirror on the moving coil instead of a pointer. 3 – The mirror reflects a beam of light on to a scale. This makes light-beam galvanometers sensitive to much lower current levels than pointer instruments – Current sensitivity galvanometer – Voltage sensitivity galvanometer – Galvanometers are often employed to detect zero current or voltage in a circuit rather than to measure the actual level of current or voltage. 4 • DC Ammeter – is always connected in series – low internal resistance – maximum pointer deflection is produced by a very small current – For a large currents, the instrument must be modified by connecting a very low shunt resister – Extension of Ranges of Ammeter • Single Shunt Type of Ammeter 5 Vsh Vm I sh Rsh I m Rm Rsh I m Rm I sh I sh I I m Rsh I m Rm I Im Example 4.1: An ammeter as shown in Figure 3-9 has a PMMC instrument with a coil resistance of Rm = 99 and FSD current of 0.1 mA. Shunt resistance Rs = 1. Determine the total current passing through the ammeter at (a) FSD, (b) 0.5 FSD, and 0.25 FSD 6 • Swamping Resistance – The moving coil in a PMMC instrument is wound with thin copper wire, and its resistance can change significantly when its temperature changes. – The heating effect of the coil current may be enough to produce a resistance change, which will introduce an error. – To minimize the error, a swamping resistance made of manganin or constantan is connected in series with the coil (manganin and constantan have resistance temperature coefficients very close to zero. 7 – The ammeter shunt must also be made of manganin or constantan to avoid shunt resistance variations with temperature. • Multirange Ammeters – Make-before-break switch » The instrument is not left without a shunt in parallel with it. » During switching there are actually two shunts in parallel with the instrument. 8