Download Chapter 10 Workbook

Grade 9 Science
Unit 4: Space
Chapter 10: What we know about the universe has
taken us thousands of years to learn.
Student Name: __________________
Homeroom: ______
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What to Do
In each box, record words or phrases about the topic of space that begin with the letter
in the box.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
XYZ
Write three questions you have about space.
1. _____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
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4. Observing the Stars...
Celestial Bodies:
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A __________________ object out in space.
Includes; __________________, moons, _________________, _________________, and
stars.
Stars: give off ______________ and ______________ but are very far away.
Example: _____________________
Planets: ______________________
Constellations:
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Pattern made up of __________________.
Big and Little Dipper
______________________
Cassiopeia
Celestial Body Movement:
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Celestial _______________ move in cyclic paths called ________________.
These orbits result from _____________________________ forces.
___________________, ________________, and __________________ revolve on a
central axis.
Stars generally move from ________________ to __________________.
The ________________ at which the star rotates is the _______________ Star
(_____________)
Ursa Major and Minor, and ______________________ never go _______________ the
horizon.
Early Models of the Universe:
Aristotle (383-322 B.C.E)
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Visualized the _____________________ as _________________________. This means
the Earth is the ________________ of the universe and everything else _____________
around it.
He believed that the ________________ was a sphere due to the _______________
edges observed during a ___________________________________.
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Ptolemy (83-168 C.E)
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Based on his model on his __________________________ on Mars.
Mars _____________________ path creates a loop or _________________ in the sky.
His model showed each ____________________ attached to a crystal sphere with its
________________ at Earth.
Each ____________________ was not attached directly to its ________________ but to
an off-center wheel. (_________________________)
Accepted for nearly _______________ years.
The astrolabe; used to _________________ and _____________________ the position
of the _______________, _________________, and ___________________.
Along with a ________________________, it could be used to describe the
____________________ of any celestial body in __________________ to the direction
____________________ and to the horizon.
Allowed for more accurate ________________________ to be made.
Copernicus (1473 – 1543)
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Believed in a __________________________ universe. (Sun at the center)
The ____________________ rotated on its axis _________________ and revolved
around the ____________ once a year.
Galileo (1564 – 1642)
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First person to view the “heavens” through a _________________________.
Allowed him to see objects about ___________ closer.
He observed;
- _____________________________________________________
- _____________________________________________________
- _____________________________________________________
Now that the sun was placed at the _______________ of the our solar system, other
_______________________ could work to understand the motions of the _________________.
Improvements in the __________________ would show new and strange _________________
never imagined!
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Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)
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Developed 3 laws of ____________________________________________.
1. All ___________________ move in ellipses with the _____________ at one focus.
2. Planets sweep out at ________________ areas of their ____________________
orbit in __________________ times.
3. The time a _________________ takes to revolve around the ___________ is directly
_____________________ to how far away it is ___________ the Sun.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727)
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Developed 3 _______________________________________________.
First to show that the _________________ of gravity affects all ____________________
bodies, causing them to stay in __________________.
Invented the ____________________ telescope which uses a __________________
mirror to focus the light to a ________________ at an eyepiece.
The Planets
Inner Planets:
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____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
Jovian Planets:
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____________________________________
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Comprehension Questions
1. Define Star.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Define celestial body.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. How did people thousands of years ago use the movement of celestial bodies to help
them?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. A) Define constellation.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
B) Define Asterism.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Where did many of the constellations get their names?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Define planet.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. How many constellations are there according to The International Astronomical Union?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8. How many constellations are visible in Canada?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9. Identify the following constellations and give the description of each.
Name: ______________________
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Name: ______________________________
Name: ________________________________
Name: ________________________________
10. What do the Big Dipper’s end or “pointer” stars point toward?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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11. What is the name of this star? Is it the brightest star in the sky?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
12. In what direction of stars seem to move?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
13. Are the stars actually moving? What causes this movement?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
14. Define circumpolar constellations.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
15. Define ecliptic. What follows this type of path?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
16. Define zodiacal constellations.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
17. How long does it take the earth to circle the sun?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
18. How are the motions of asteroids and comets different?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
19. How did Aristotle visualize the universe?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
20. Define geocentric.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
21. A) Why did Aristotle believe the Earth was in a fixed position?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
B) Why did he believe the Earth was a sphere?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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22. Define heliocentric.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
23. Which Greek philosopher proposed the heliocentric concept?
________________________________________________________________________
24. Who was the first person to accurately measure the diameter of the earth?
________________________________________________________________________
25. Define retrograde motion.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
26. Define astrolabe.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
27. Who proposed that the Earth rotated on its axis as a way of explaining observations in
the heavens?
________________________________________________________________________
28. Define telescope.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
29. Who invented the telescope?
________________________________________________________________________
30. What made Galileo believe the universe was heliocentric?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
31. How did each of the following add to our understanding of the solar system;
Tycho Brahe
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Johannes Kepler
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Isaac Newton
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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1. Study this star chart to create an idea for a constellation. To help you get some ideas,
rotate the sheet to view the stars from different perspectives.
2. Once you have an idea, use your pencil to connect the most visible stars so that they
form a very simple outline of the figure you see in the star pattern. this diagram will be
the basic structure of your constellation.
3. Use coloured pencils to draw and colour the rest of the details of the figure.
4. Give your constellation a name.
___________________________________________________________________
Answer the questions on the following page.....
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What Did You Find Out?
1. Compare your constellation with some constellations your classmates drew. How did
your classmates’ constellations compare with your constellation? Did anyone interpret
the star patterns in the same way?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. How does your answer to question 1 explain why different cultures see different
shapes and figures in the same set of stars?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
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3. Would using a telescope that can help you see many more stars make creating a
constellation easier? Explain.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
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Models of the Universe: How our ‘World’ view has changed!
Sketch the model of the Universe as proposed by each of the following:
Aristotle(383-322 B.C.E.)
Ptolemy(83-168 C.E.)
Copernicus(1473-1543)
Johannes Kepler(1571-1630)
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Chapter 10 Key Terms
Match each Key Term in the left column with its definition in the right column.
Key Term
Definition
asterism
1. a pattern of stars
astrolabe
2. how bright a star appears to us
celestial body
3. an optical device that uses lenses to gather
and focus light to provide a magnified view
circumpolar constellation
4. an object that orbits the Sun in its own orbital
path
constellation
5. Earth-centred
ecliptic
6. an instrument used to help astronomers locate
and predict the positions of the Sun, Moon,
and stars
ellipse
7. a smaller group of stars that forms a pattern
within a constellation
geocentric
8. constellations known as the signs of the
zodiac, which lie on the ecliptic
heliocentric
9. a change of direction so that a planet appears
to orbit in a loop or S shape in the sky
magnitude
10. the path that the Sun follows through the sky
orbit
11. the path of a celestial object in space
planet
12. a shape with two focal points. The distance
from one focal point to the edge, then to the
other focal point is always the same
retrograde motion
13. Sun-centred
star
14. a constellation that never goes below the
horizon
telescope
15. a natural object in space such as a planet, a
moon, an asteroid, a comet, or a star
zodiacal constellations
16. a spherical object in space that creates its own
thermal energy
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Chapter 10 Practice Test
Goal • Check your understanding of Chapter 10.
Circle the letter of the best answer.
1. An astrophysicist is which of the following?
A. an astronomer
B. a physicist
C. a scientist who studies astronomy and physics
D. a scientist who studies biology and chemistry
2. As a planet gets closer to the Sun in its elliptical orbit, its speed does which of the
following?
A. decreases
B. increases
C. increases, then decreases
D. stays the same
3. Which statement does not describe Kepler’s laws?
A. Planets move in ellipses.
B. Planets sweep out equal areas of their elliptical orbit in equal times.
C. The force of gravity extends beyond the surface of Earth.
D. The time a planet takes to revolve around the Sun is directly related to how far
away it is from the Sun.
4. Which effect does gravity have on celestial bodies?
A. Gravity causes celestial bodies to remain in orbit around larger bodies.
B. Gravity causes celestial bodies to remain in orbit around smaller bodies.
C. Gravity causes celestial bodies to stop orbiting around larger bodies.
D. Gravity does not affect celestial bodies.
5. Which of the following planets is not visible in the sky without the use of a telescope?
A. Mars
B. Mercury
C. Neptune
D. Saturn
6. Which of the following statements does not describe inner planets?
A. They are relatively small.
B. They have gaseous atmospheres.
C. They have rocky crusts.
D. They have solid cores.
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7. Planets orbit the Sun in which of the following paths?
A. circular
B. elliptical
C. linear
D. triangular
8. Which of the following statements best describes the Newtonian telescope?
A. a reflecting telescope that uses a curved mirror to focus the light
B. a refracting telescope that uses a lens to focus the light
C. a space telescope
D. smaller than other telescopes
9. Which planet did astronomers discover by observing the orbit of Uranus?
A. Earth
B. Jupiter
C. Mars
D. Neptune
Match the Term on the left with the best Descriptor on the right.
Each Descriptor may be used only once.
Term
_____10.
asterism
_____11.
circumpolar
constellation
_____12.
ecliptic
_____13.
geocentric
_____14.
magnitude
_____15.
star
Descriptor
A. the brightness of a celestial body
B. a constellation that never goes below the horizon
C. Earth-centred
D. an object in space with a spherical shape
E. the path that the Sun follows every day
F. a smaller group of stars forming a pattern with a
constellation
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