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Grade 9 Science Unit 4: Space Chapter 10: What we know about the universe has taken us thousands of years to learn. Student Name: __________________ Homeroom: ______ 1 What to Do In each box, record words or phrases about the topic of space that begin with the letter in the box. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ Write three questions you have about space. 1. _____________________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________________ 2 4. Observing the Stars... Celestial Bodies: A __________________ object out in space. Includes; __________________, moons, _________________, _________________, and stars. Stars: give off ______________ and ______________ but are very far away. Example: _____________________ Planets: ______________________ Constellations: Pattern made up of __________________. Big and Little Dipper ______________________ Cassiopeia Celestial Body Movement: Celestial _______________ move in cyclic paths called ________________. These orbits result from _____________________________ forces. ___________________, ________________, and __________________ revolve on a central axis. Stars generally move from ________________ to __________________. The ________________ at which the star rotates is the _______________ Star (_____________) Ursa Major and Minor, and ______________________ never go _______________ the horizon. Early Models of the Universe: Aristotle (383-322 B.C.E) Visualized the _____________________ as _________________________. This means the Earth is the ________________ of the universe and everything else _____________ around it. He believed that the ________________ was a sphere due to the _______________ edges observed during a ___________________________________. 3 Ptolemy (83-168 C.E) Based on his model on his __________________________ on Mars. Mars _____________________ path creates a loop or _________________ in the sky. His model showed each ____________________ attached to a crystal sphere with its ________________ at Earth. Each ____________________ was not attached directly to its ________________ but to an off-center wheel. (_________________________) Accepted for nearly _______________ years. The astrolabe; used to _________________ and _____________________ the position of the _______________, _________________, and ___________________. Along with a ________________________, it could be used to describe the ____________________ of any celestial body in __________________ to the direction ____________________ and to the horizon. Allowed for more accurate ________________________ to be made. Copernicus (1473 – 1543) Believed in a __________________________ universe. (Sun at the center) The ____________________ rotated on its axis _________________ and revolved around the ____________ once a year. Galileo (1564 – 1642) First person to view the “heavens” through a _________________________. Allowed him to see objects about ___________ closer. He observed; - _____________________________________________________ - _____________________________________________________ - _____________________________________________________ Now that the sun was placed at the _______________ of the our solar system, other _______________________ could work to understand the motions of the _________________. Improvements in the __________________ would show new and strange _________________ never imagined! 4 Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) Developed 3 laws of ____________________________________________. 1. All ___________________ move in ellipses with the _____________ at one focus. 2. Planets sweep out at ________________ areas of their ____________________ orbit in __________________ times. 3. The time a _________________ takes to revolve around the ___________ is directly _____________________ to how far away it is ___________ the Sun. Sir Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727) Developed 3 _______________________________________________. First to show that the _________________ of gravity affects all ____________________ bodies, causing them to stay in __________________. Invented the ____________________ telescope which uses a __________________ mirror to focus the light to a ________________ at an eyepiece. The Planets Inner Planets: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Jovian Planets: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 5 Comprehension Questions 1. Define Star. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Define celestial body. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. How did people thousands of years ago use the movement of celestial bodies to help them? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. A) Define constellation. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ B) Define Asterism. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Where did many of the constellations get their names? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6. Define planet. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7. How many constellations are there according to The International Astronomical Union? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8. How many constellations are visible in Canada? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 9. Identify the following constellations and give the description of each. Name: ______________________ 6 Name: ______________________________ Name: ________________________________ Name: ________________________________ 10. What do the Big Dipper’s end or “pointer” stars point toward? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7 11. What is the name of this star? Is it the brightest star in the sky? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 12. In what direction of stars seem to move? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 13. Are the stars actually moving? What causes this movement? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 14. Define circumpolar constellations. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 15. Define ecliptic. What follows this type of path? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 16. Define zodiacal constellations. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 17. How long does it take the earth to circle the sun? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 18. How are the motions of asteroids and comets different? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 19. How did Aristotle visualize the universe? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 20. Define geocentric. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 21. A) Why did Aristotle believe the Earth was in a fixed position? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ B) Why did he believe the Earth was a sphere? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8 22. Define heliocentric. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 23. Which Greek philosopher proposed the heliocentric concept? ________________________________________________________________________ 24. Who was the first person to accurately measure the diameter of the earth? ________________________________________________________________________ 25. Define retrograde motion. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 26. Define astrolabe. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 27. Who proposed that the Earth rotated on its axis as a way of explaining observations in the heavens? ________________________________________________________________________ 28. Define telescope. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 29. Who invented the telescope? ________________________________________________________________________ 30. What made Galileo believe the universe was heliocentric? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 31. How did each of the following add to our understanding of the solar system; Tycho Brahe ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Johannes Kepler ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Isaac Newton ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 9 1. Study this star chart to create an idea for a constellation. To help you get some ideas, rotate the sheet to view the stars from different perspectives. 2. Once you have an idea, use your pencil to connect the most visible stars so that they form a very simple outline of the figure you see in the star pattern. this diagram will be the basic structure of your constellation. 3. Use coloured pencils to draw and colour the rest of the details of the figure. 4. Give your constellation a name. ___________________________________________________________________ Answer the questions on the following page..... 10 What Did You Find Out? 1. Compare your constellation with some constellations your classmates drew. How did your classmates’ constellations compare with your constellation? Did anyone interpret the star patterns in the same way? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. How does your answer to question 1 explain why different cultures see different shapes and figures in the same set of stars? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Would using a telescope that can help you see many more stars make creating a constellation easier? Explain. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 11 Models of the Universe: How our ‘World’ view has changed! Sketch the model of the Universe as proposed by each of the following: Aristotle(383-322 B.C.E.) Ptolemy(83-168 C.E.) Copernicus(1473-1543) Johannes Kepler(1571-1630) 12 Chapter 10 Key Terms Match each Key Term in the left column with its definition in the right column. Key Term Definition asterism 1. a pattern of stars astrolabe 2. how bright a star appears to us celestial body 3. an optical device that uses lenses to gather and focus light to provide a magnified view circumpolar constellation 4. an object that orbits the Sun in its own orbital path constellation 5. Earth-centred ecliptic 6. an instrument used to help astronomers locate and predict the positions of the Sun, Moon, and stars ellipse 7. a smaller group of stars that forms a pattern within a constellation geocentric 8. constellations known as the signs of the zodiac, which lie on the ecliptic heliocentric 9. a change of direction so that a planet appears to orbit in a loop or S shape in the sky magnitude 10. the path that the Sun follows through the sky orbit 11. the path of a celestial object in space planet 12. a shape with two focal points. The distance from one focal point to the edge, then to the other focal point is always the same retrograde motion 13. Sun-centred star 14. a constellation that never goes below the horizon telescope 15. a natural object in space such as a planet, a moon, an asteroid, a comet, or a star zodiacal constellations 16. a spherical object in space that creates its own thermal energy 13 Chapter 10 Practice Test Goal • Check your understanding of Chapter 10. Circle the letter of the best answer. 1. An astrophysicist is which of the following? A. an astronomer B. a physicist C. a scientist who studies astronomy and physics D. a scientist who studies biology and chemistry 2. As a planet gets closer to the Sun in its elliptical orbit, its speed does which of the following? A. decreases B. increases C. increases, then decreases D. stays the same 3. Which statement does not describe Kepler’s laws? A. Planets move in ellipses. B. Planets sweep out equal areas of their elliptical orbit in equal times. C. The force of gravity extends beyond the surface of Earth. D. The time a planet takes to revolve around the Sun is directly related to how far away it is from the Sun. 4. Which effect does gravity have on celestial bodies? A. Gravity causes celestial bodies to remain in orbit around larger bodies. B. Gravity causes celestial bodies to remain in orbit around smaller bodies. C. Gravity causes celestial bodies to stop orbiting around larger bodies. D. Gravity does not affect celestial bodies. 5. Which of the following planets is not visible in the sky without the use of a telescope? A. Mars B. Mercury C. Neptune D. Saturn 6. Which of the following statements does not describe inner planets? A. They are relatively small. B. They have gaseous atmospheres. C. They have rocky crusts. D. They have solid cores. 14 7. Planets orbit the Sun in which of the following paths? A. circular B. elliptical C. linear D. triangular 8. Which of the following statements best describes the Newtonian telescope? A. a reflecting telescope that uses a curved mirror to focus the light B. a refracting telescope that uses a lens to focus the light C. a space telescope D. smaller than other telescopes 9. Which planet did astronomers discover by observing the orbit of Uranus? A. Earth B. Jupiter C. Mars D. Neptune Match the Term on the left with the best Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be used only once. Term _____10. asterism _____11. circumpolar constellation _____12. ecliptic _____13. geocentric _____14. magnitude _____15. star Descriptor A. the brightness of a celestial body B. a constellation that never goes below the horizon C. Earth-centred D. an object in space with a spherical shape E. the path that the Sun follows every day F. a smaller group of stars forming a pattern with a constellation 15