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HIEROGLYPHIC EGYPTIAN
A Practical Grammar of Middle Egyptian
Claude OBSOMER
SP
and Sylvie FAVRE-BRIANT
Safran Publishers
Brussels
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EN
SP
Cover picture: Inscription from the White Chapel of Senusret I in Karnak © Cl. Obsomer 2006
Translation by Travis Watters (Altius Language Services, Australia)
© 2015 – Safran Publishers, Brussels | www.safranpublishers.com
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise without the prior consent of the publishers.
D/2015/9835/97 - Series “Langues et cultures anciennes”, 23
ISBN 978-2-87457-084-1
Printed in E.U.
Table of Contents
11
12
15
15
Chapter One — Egyptian hieroglyphic writing
General remarks
A. A short introduction to hieroglyphs
B. The three main functions of signs
C. Phonetic signs or phonograms
1. Uniliterals
2. Multiliterals
D. Determinatives
E. Ideograms
F. Comments on spelling
G. Characteristics of the writing system
17
18
20
21
21
21
23
28
29
32
33
Chapter Two — From words to clauses
Introduction
A. Examples of non-verbal clauses
B. Examples of verbal clauses
C. A comment on the suffix pronoun
D. Royal cartouches
37
38
38
39
41
41
Chapter Three — Nouns and nominal groups
A. Nouns
1. Gender and number
2. The plural of masculine nouns
3. The plural of feminine nouns
4. Comments on the gender of certain words
5. The dual of masculine and feminine nouns
6. Singular collective nouns
B. Adjectives
1. Qualifying adjectives
2. Nisbe adjectives
3. Syntax of adjectives
4. Specific adjectives
5. The comparative
6. The superlative
C. Elements of nominal syntax
1. Direct genitive construction
2. Indirect genitive construction
3. Comments on the use of the genitive
43
44
44
44
45
45
46
47
49
49
49
51
53
55
55
56
56
57
57
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Introduction
A. Language and writing
B. Deciphering hieroglyphs
C. Selected bibliography
Table of Contents – 7
59
59
61
61
61
66
68
68
70
71
73
73
74
75
76
77
77
78
79
79
80
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4. Coordination and disjunction
5. Nouns in apposition
6. Summary of the juxtaposition of nouns
D. Prepositions and conjunctions
1. Simple prepositions and conjunctions
2. Prepositional phrases
E. Numbers and dates
1. Cardinal numbers
2. Ordinal numbers
3. Numbers in dates
F. Personal pronouns
1. The suffix pronoun
2. The independent pronoun
3. The dependent pronoun
4. Word order after a verb
G. Demonstratives and possessives
1. The demonstrative pn
2. The demonstrative pw
3. The demonstrative pf
4. The demonstrative pA
5. The possessive determiner pAy.f
SP
Chapter Four — Non-verbal clauses
A theoretical approach
A. Non-verbal clauses with nominal predicates
1. With a personal pronoun as subject
2. With a demonstrative pronoun pw as subject
3. With a noun as subject
B. Non-verbal clauses with adjectival predicates
1. With a noun as subject
2. With a personal pronoun as subject
3. Comments
C. Non-verbal clauses with adverbial predicates
1. NVCs introduced by an auxiliary
2. NVCs introduced by a proclitic particle
3. NVCs with neither auxiliary nor particle
D. Negation of non-verbal clauses
1. NVCs with nominal predicates
2. NVCs with adjectival predicates
3. NVCs with adverbial predicates
E. Non-verbal clauses expressing existence
1. Existence
2. Non-existence
81
82
82
82
83
83
84
84
85
85
87
87
90
91
93
93
93
94
94
94
95
8 – Table of Contents
F. Non-verbal clauses expressing possession
1. NVCs with adjectival predicates
2. NVCs with adverbial predicates
3. NVCs with nominal predicates
95
95
96
96
97
98
98
99
100
100
101
101
103
105
106
107
107
108
109
109
109
110
114
116
117
118
118
120
123
124
125
125
125
125
126
126
128
128
Chapter Six — Verbs (suffix forms and verbal clauses)
A theoretical approach
1. Morphology of the active suffix forms
2. Perfect, imperfect and prospective
129
130
130
132
SP
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Chapter Five — Verbs (non-suffix and relative forms)
A. The classification of verbs (verbal roots)
1. Strong verbs
2. Weak verbs
3. Geminated verbs
4. Comments
B. The infinitive
1. Morphology
2. Syntax of the infinitive
3. Constructions determined by the infinitive
4. Negating an infinitive
C. The imperative
1. Morphology
2. Reinforcing the imperative
3. Negating the imperative
D. The participle
1. General remarks
2. Imperfective and perfective participles
3. Prospective participles
4. Syntax
5. Negating participles
E. The “relative form”
1. General remarks
2. Morphology
3. Syntax
4. Negating the relative form
F. Summary of “relative clauses”
1. The participle
2. The relative form
3. Certain nisbe adjectives
4. Certain indirect genitives
5. Clauses introduced by a relative pronoun
6. Certain clauses not introduced by a relative pronoun
G. The “negative verbal complement”
Table of Contents – 9
133
139
139
144
145
148
148
150
152
154
154
158
159
159
160
160
161
162
162
163
164
164
165
165
166
167
167
168
169
170
171
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3. Syntax of suffix forms
A. Regular forms of the perfect
1. The perfect zDm.n.f
2. The “perfective” zDm.f
3. The passive and negation
B. The imperfect
1. The “aorist” zDm.f
2. The “imperfective” zDm.f
3. The passive and negation
C. The prospective
1. The “prospective” zDm.f
2. The passive and negation
D. Rare forms of the suffix conjugation
1. The zDmt.f form
2. The zDm.in.f form
3. The zDm.xr.f form
4. The zDm.kA.f form
E. Passive suffix forms
1. Passive forms ending in -w
2. Passive forms ending in -tw
3. The impersonal passive
4. The agent
F. Negative verbal clauses
1. Forms introduced by the particle n
2. Forms introduced by the particle nn
3. Forms using the verb tm
4. Forms using the verb imi
G. A practical approach to the zDm.f and zDm.n.f forms
H. The pseudo-participle (or old perfective)
1. Morphology
2. Syntax
Chapter Seven — Particles, auxiliaries, interrogative words
A. Proclitic particles and auxiliaries
1. Proclitic particles
2. Auxiliaries
B. Enclitic particles and adverbs
1. Enclitic particles
2. A few adverbs
C. Interrogative words
1. The particle in
2. Interrogative pronouns
3. Interrogative adverbs
181
182
182
188
192
192
192
193
193
194
195
10 – Table of Contents
197
198
198
199
199
199
200
200
202
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
210
211
212
Chapter Nine — Resources
A. List of hieroglyphic signs
B. Egyptian-English vocabulary
C. Reference list of examples cited
D. Chronological table
213
214
250
297
301
Exercises
A. Hieroglyphic writing and vocabulary (ex. 1 to 23)
B. Nouns, pronouns and nominal groups (ex. 24 to 35)
C. Non-verbal clauses (ex. 36 to 41)
D. Verbs and verbal clauses (ex. 42 to 64)
303
304
304
324
324
336
336
346
346
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Chapter Eight — Specific expressions
A. Names of kings
1. The five titles of the royal protocol
2. Secondary titles
3. Other names
4. Royal epithets
B. Names of individuals
1. Anthroponyms
2. Private titles
3. Private epithets
C. Expressing filiation
1. Filiation using the term “son”
2. Filiation using mz(w).n or mzt.n
3. Filiation using ir(w).n or irt.n
4. Compound filiations
D. Funerary formulas
1. The Htp-di-nzw / di-nzw-Htp formula
2. The call to the living
3. The Abydos formula
B. Adjectives – 49
B. Adjectives
In Egyptian, there are two types of adjectives: qualifying adjectives and nisbe
adjectives.
[97]
1. Qualifying adjectives
One of the most common qualifying adjectives will be used as a paradigm:
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[98]
nfr “perfect”, “beautiful”, “good”, etc.
If an adjective is invariable when functioning as an predicate, as an attributive
adjective it has endings that, in theory, are the same as those of the nouns.
Adjective
[99]
masculine
feminine
singular
nfr
nfrt
plural
nfrw
nfr(w)t
dual
nfr(wy)
nfrt(y)
Placed after the noun with which it agrees, an attributive adjective in its hieroglyphic form may have abbreviated endings, reduced to a minimum.
Thus, in the feminine plural, the ending -wt will often be reduced to
alone:
wAwt nfr(w)t “beautiful roads”
033
[Ex. 27.1-6]
2. Nisbe adjectives
[100]
»
Nisbe adjectives are formed from a noun or preposition, by adding the suffix -y
(in the masculine singular). Their meaning indicates a relation with the term from
which they are derived: “the one from…”, “the one who is…”.
a. Nisbes derived from nouns
The following nisbe will be used as a paradigm for nisbe adjectives derived from
nouns:
SP
[101]
nTry “divine”, “the one of god”, derived from the noun
nTr “god”
nTry functioning as an attribuLike the qualifying adjective nfr, the nisbe
tive adjective agrees with the noun to which it refers.
Adjective
masculine
feminine
singular
nTry
nTr(y)t
plural
nTryw
nTr(yw)t
Note: the ending -y is frequently omitted when writing nisbes. Only context and experience allow all ambiguity to be removed: in transliteration, the elements not written in
hieroglyphs are placed in parentheses.
E. Numbers and dates – 71
3. Numbers in dates
a. The elements of dates
[246]
Complete Egyptian dates contain, in order, the following information:
187
Date on the stela of Mery (reign of Senusret I):
1. Year of the reign
st
nd
rd
th
”Year 9”
Abd 2-nw
“2nd month”
n(y) Axt
“of Akhet”
zw 20
“day 20”
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2. The 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 month…
Rnpt-zp 9
…of the season
3. The day of the month
Comments
[247]
1. Only the numbering of the months uses an ordinal number.
[248]
2. The date can be abbreviated as follows: Year 9, Akhet II.20, of that reign.
[249]
3. Do not confuse
188
and
rnpt 6 “6 years” (duration)
or
, which refer to the year as a duration.
rnpt-zp 6 “Year 6” (date)
b. Information concerning seasons and months
The Egyptian civil year included three seasons, each four months long, which are
personified in this relief from the mastaba of Mereruka in Saqqara (two women
and a man, according to the gender of the names of the seasons).
SP
[250]
Axt
“Akhet”
referring to the period of flooding
Prt
“Peret”
referring to the period of receding water
Umw “Shemu”
referring to the period of low water
C. Non-verbal clauses with adverbial predicates – 87
C. Non-verbal clauses with adverbial predicates
[332]
Whatever the nature of the “adverbial Predicate” (adverb, prepositional objects,
etc.), the construction of this very common non-verbal clause is always S + P.
Iw Cnw • m zgr. “The Residence was in silence”.
271
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In our example, the clause is introduced by an auxiliary iw, which is placed before the
Subject Xnw. The absence of an auxiliary would have led us to consider the clause as a
subordinate: “(…), while the Residence was in silence.”
Note that introductory words other than the auxiliary iw exist, which give different nuances to the clause: the auxiliaries aHa.n, wnn, etc.; the proclitic particles mk,
izT, etc.
1. NVCs introduced by an auxiliary
[333]
The combined presence of iw and a nominal subject clearly indicates in Middle
Egyptian that we are dealing with a main or independent clause, to be translated
in the indicative. The choice between the present and the imperfect of the indicative depends on the context (present or past).
a. With an adverb or prepositional object as predicate
[334]
The first example has an adverb as predicate, the second a noun preceded by a
preposition.
Iw Gb • im. “Geb is there”.
272
Iw Cnw • m zgr. “The Residence was in silence”.
273
[335]
It matters little whether the preposition introduces a prepositional phrase
indicating time, location or manner, etc.: all that is needed is a prepositional object for the latter to function as an adverbial Predicate.
Iw nzt • n.i. “The throne (belongs) to me”.
274
[Ex. 38.1-2]
SP
Comments
1. With the m or r of equivalence
[336]
The adverbial predicate of the following NVC is a prepositional object introduced
by the preposition m. The main meanings and translations of this preposition
were presented above. Here, of all evidence, it is the m of equivalence which is
used.
275
Iw Hm.k • m Îr iT(w).
“Your Majesty (appears) as Horus the conqueror”
=> “Your Majesty is Horus the conqueror”.
In short, the adverbial predicate of this NVC corresponds, in the English translation, to a
predicative nominal. A reminder: there is also a NVC with a predicative nominal: P + pw
+ “real” Subject [314-316].
A theoretical approach – 131
a. Simple verbal stems
[542]
1. Short form, attested for strong, weak and geminated verbs:
zDm.f
mr.f
mA.f
2. Short form ending in -w, attested for strong and weak verbs, but very rare:
zmxw.Tn
———
mrw.Tn
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3. Short form ending in -y, attested for weak verbs:
———
———
mry.f
4. Geminated form, attested for weak and geminated verbs:
———
mrr.f
mAA.f
b. Verbal stems with suffixes
[543]
1. Form with the suffix n, the most common, used for the “perfect”.
zDm.n.f
mr.n.f
mA.n.f
2. Form with the suffix t (this suffix is written before any determinative).
zDmt.f
mrt.f
mAAt.f
3. Form with the suffix in
zDm.in.f
mr.in.f
mA.in.f
4. Form with the suffix xr
zDm.xr.f
mr.xr.f
mAA.xr.f
mr.kA.f
mAA.kA.f
5. Form with the suffix kA
zDm.kA.f
SP
c. Main active forms and their uses
[544]
The zDm.f and zDm.n.f forms are used to express the perfect, the imperfect or the
prospective. The following table shows the various forms and their uses.
Aspects
Forms
Perfect
zDm.n.f
zDm.n.f
mr.n.f
mA.n.f
perfective
zDm.f
mr.f
mA.f
aorist
zDm.f
mr.f
imperfective
zDm.f
Imperfect
Prospective prospective
Strong verbs
zDm.f
Weak verbs
Geminated verbs
mrr.f
mr.f
mry.f
mAA.f
mAA.f
mA.f
162 – Verbs (suffix forms and verbal clauses)
The passive form is zDm.kA.tw.f.
1. Origin
[693]
According to Gardiner (Egyptian Grammar, § 437), the suffix -kA could come from
the verb kAi “to think”. Note the following uses in interpolated clauses: kA.k “you
will say”, kA.f “he will say”.
2. Variant
The zDm.kA.f form has a well-attested variant, which will soon replace it: kA +
possible Subject + zDm.f.
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[694]
b. Uses
[695]
The zDm.kA.f form is used in main clauses to express a purely chronological
sequence. Often used after a conditional subordinate clause, it is translated as a
future.
604
Ir gm.k nTrw Hmz.y, Hmz.kA.k r.k Hna.zn.
“If you find the gods seated, you will sit with them”.
Îa.kA.zn mA.zn Tw.
605
“They will rejoice when they see you”.
E. Passive suffix forms
1. Passive forms ending in - w
[696]
À
The
or is often omitted before a suffix pronoun. In order to identify the form
as a passive, the meaning of the sentence must be considered. Some weak verbs
have a passive ending in -y.
SP
[697]
The zDm(w).f form is the passive form of the perfect in a predicative function, but
it is also sometimes found as the passive form of the prospective in a predicative
function.
a. Passive of the perfect with a predicative function
[698]
The perfect zDm(w).f may be preceded by an auxiliary (iw or aHa.n) or a proclitic
particle.
606
After his reception at the Palace, Sinuhe narrates his settling in the Residence:
Iw rdi(w) n.i pr.
“An estate was given to me”.
607
A person indicates his date of birth:
Mzy.i m rnpt-zp 1 n(y) ZA-Ra Imn-m-HAt, nTr-nfr ZHtp(w)-ib-Ra.
“I was born in the first year of the Son of Re, Amenemhat, the perfect god Sehetepibre”.
C. Interrogative words – 193
m wn mAa “truly”
m-wHm “again”
m-bAH
“before”, “previously” (Dr-bAH)
m-mitt
“likewise”, “similarly”
m-HAt
“before”, “previously” (Hr-HAt)
m-xt
“next”
mAa
nfy
“really”
“today”
“unfairly”
min
nfr
n zp
“immediately”, “together”
nHH
“eternally”
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“well”
r tp nfr
xft(w)
“at best”, “favourably”
“in keeping”
Hr-a(wy) “immediately”, “straight away”
xnt(w) “previously”, “before”
zp
“once”, “never”
zf
“yesterday”, “the day before”
gr
Dt
“also”, “more”
dwA(w)
Dr-a
“morning”
“eternally”, “forever”
“for a long time”
C. Interrogative words
1. The particle
[844]
in
Placed at the beginning of a verbal or non-verbal clause, the interrogative particle
in is used to ask a question whose expected answer is “yes” or “no”.
In awA.tw.i rf m DAtt.f ?
795
“Will I therefore be robbed in his district?”
[845]
This particle can be developed into
in-iw and
the contrary, be contracted into
n (sometimes written
n).
in-ntt or, on
In-iw wn xprt m ⁄nw ?
796
“Did something happen at the Residence?”
(I)n wr n.k antyw ?
797
SP
“Do you own so much incense?”
(literally: “Is incense important to you?”)
[846]
To reinforce a question, the enclitic particles
“really”, sometimes written
798
ty,
rf “therefore” and
, or even
can be used.
In rf wrS.i r.f ?
“Am I therefore going to spend my time doing that?”
799
In tr rxw Tw irt mrrt Hzzt nb.k ?
“Are you really a man capable of carrying out what your Lord loves and praises?”
tr
214 – Resources
A. List of hieroglyphic signs
1. General table
A. Men
! " # $ % & ƒ ' ( ) * + , -./
2
3
4
5
6
6a
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
14a
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1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; = > ? @
15
16
17
17a
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
A B C D E F G HIJ K L M N ¶ O
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
43a
44
P Q R S T U V W X YZ < K ΠO
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
59
63
73
133a
184
B. Women
[ \ ] ^ _ ` a £
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C. Anthropomorphic deities
b c d e f g h ¥ i j k
1
2
3
4
5
6
164
177
178
7
7a
8
9
10
læ m n
10a
11
11a
12
17
o p q
18
19
20
D. Parts of the human body
r s tu v w x y z{ | } ~ Ä Å Ç
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
É Ñ Ö Ü áàâäã å ç è ê ë í ì
17
18
19
20
SP
î ïó
33
34
35
35a
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
ò ô ö õ ú ù û ü † ° ¢§
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
46a
£• ¶ ß ®©™ ´ ¨ ≠ Æ Ø ∞ ± ≤¥
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
63
E. Mammals
µ ∂ ∑ ∏ π ∫ô ª º Ω æ ø ¿ ¡ ¬ √
1
2
3
4
5
6
6a
7
8
8a
9
10
11
12
13
14
ƒ ≈ a ∆ « » … ÀÃÕŒœ – — “
15
16
16a
17
18
19
20
”‘’÷◊"R
30
31
32
33
34
103
151
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
250 – Resources
B. Egyptian-English Vocabulary
A
Amz (ib) to show interest,
solicitude
Ar to drive away, push back,
A vulture
deprive
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A therefore, certainly (enclit. part. 841)
,
At strength, power
,
At moment, instant, time
,
Ahd to palpitate,
quiver, falter, to be weak
Ayt to become pale, to fade
,
Aaa to shout; cry out
,
,
Awt-a,
Awt gifts,
Ax Akh spirit
Ax (to be) glorious, splendid,
useful, beneficial, profitable
Ab to cease, stop, halt, stay
Abw cessation, interruption
Abt family, clan
Aby,
Abw panther
Abw elephant
,
,
,
Axty of the “horizon”
Axty the god of the “horizon”
sunshine
,
Abw
Az to hurry, rush, invade
SP
Elephantine (UE town)
Abx to melt, mingle, unite
,
,
Abd month, monthly
festival
,
AbDw Abydos (UE town)
,
Axt “horizon"
Axw radiance (of the sun),
Abw ivory
,
Ax-bit Chemmis
(LE town)
offerings
,
Axt Akhet season (flood)
Ax clump of papyrus
Aw-ib (to be) joyful
Awt-ib joy
,
AHt field, arable land
,
Aw (to be) long; length
,
Alkzindrz
Alexander
Apd duck, poultry, bird
Am to burn
Amm to seize, grasp
Ammt grasp
Amz Ames sceptre, mace
Azt quickly
,
Azt Isis (goddess)
Azt Isis (PN)
Azb incandescence (of radiance)
Azx to reap, harvest
Aq to perish, disappear
AqHw war axe
Atfw Atef crown
ATw commander
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EN
Exercises
SP
A.Hieroglyphic writing and vocabulary (ex. 1 to 23)
B. Nouns, pronouns and nominal groups (ex. 24 to 35)
C. Non-verbal clauses (ex. 36 to 41)
D.Verbs and verbal clauses (ex. 42 to 64)
304 – Exercises
A. Hieroglyphic writing and vocabulary (ex. 1 to 23)
Exercise 1. A few words to discover hieroglyphs
1.
2.
15.
9.
16.
10.
17.
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3.
8.
4.
11.
5.
12.
6.
19.
14.
18.
13.
7.
20.
21.
Exercise 2. Uniliteral phonetic signs (from A to f)
1.
2.
6.
7.
SP
20.
14.
19.
13.
16.
18.
12.
17.
11.
5.
10.
4.
15.
9.
3.
8.
Exercise 3. Uniliteral phonetic signs (from m to X)
1.
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A. Hieroglyphic writing and vocabulary (ex. 1 to 23) – 305
Exercise 1. Solution
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rmfish
rdfoot
rx
to know
mzHcrocodile
Tzmdog
bdS
to become weak
fdtsweat
zgr silence
Hnk to offer, present
PtH Ptah
Apd duck, poultry
hAb to send
afAy camp, encampment
iart Uraeus
inr stone, block
ky other
wiA bark (sacred)
wbn to rise, shine
Dzr sacred, holy
Xrd child
iqr excellent, skilful
ÉC
IM
EN
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Exercise 2. Solution
Apd duck, poultry
hAb
to send
iart Uraeus
inr stone
ky other
HAy to be naked
HHy to look for
xfty opponent, enemy
afAy camp, encampment
iart Uraeus
SP
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wiA bark
wbn to rise, shine
pw this, that
pw this, that
bdS to become weak
rd foot
PtH Ptah
Apd duck, poultry
fdt sweat
afAy camp, encampment
Exercise 3. Solution
mzH crocodile
im there
m
in, during, out of ...
m
in, during, out of ...
nht sycamore
fdt sweat
n
to, for
n
to, for
rm fish
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inr stone
hAb to send
nht sycamore
Hnk to present, offer
Hb festival
xrp to govern, control
rx to know
Xrd child
Xzt cowardice
376 – Exercises
Exercise 64. Royal titles and epithets
1. The king is the one who grants the priviledge of having a tomb: 2. An extract from the inscription concerning the channel in Sehel:
ÉC
IM
EN
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7. An extract from the inscription on the stela Cairo JE 71901 (Wadi el-Hudi) SP
D. Verbs and verbal clauses (ex. 42 to 64) – 377
Exercise 64. Solution
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SP
ÉC
IM
EN
aqw m tA didi(w) nzw
Enter the earth that the king grants.
uD Hm.f irt mr m mA(w)t.
His Majesty gave orders to restore this channel.
NH pw n bAk-im n nb.f.
Such is the prayer of the servant that I am to his master.
qmA(w) nTrw r HqA Snt.n itn
he whom all the gods have created (to be) the sovereign of what the sun
encompasses
5. aHa.n.(i) aq.kwi Hr ity.
Then I was taken to the sovereign.
6. PA iit ir(w).n pA NaRNw n pr-aA, anx.(w) wDA.(w) znb.(w) !
Arrival made by the Ne’arin troop of Pharaoh, (may he be) alive, prosperous
and healthy!
7. anx Jr anx-mzwt, Nbty anx-mzwt, nzw-bity cpr-kA-Ra, zA-Ra Z-n(y)-uzrt,
Long live Horus Ankh-mesut, He of the Two Ladies Ankh-mesut, King of
Upper and Lower Egypt Kheperkare, Son of Re, Senusret,
nTr nfr dn(w) Iwnw, zn(w) wzrwt imyw Ztt,
the perfect god who beheads the Iunu and cuts the throats of those who
are in Setjet,
ity arf(w) JAw-nbw, in(w) Drw nHz(y)wt, zk(w) tpw
the sovereign who holds back the Hau-nebu, reaches the limit of the
Nubian hordes (?) and kills the chiefs
Abt XAkt-ib, wzx tAS, pD(w) nmtt, zmA(w).n nfrw.f vAwy,
of the rebellious clan, the one with an extended border line who prolongs
expeditions (?), whose excellence has united the Two Lands,
nb At znDw m xAzwt, zxr(w).n Sat.f zbiw
the one who possesses strength and respect in the mountainous regions,
whose massacre has made opponents fall,
– Aq.n bTnw.f n Sat Hm.f; zpH.n.f xftyw.f –,
– it is because of the massacre His Majesty inflicted that those who defied
him died; it is with a lasso that he captured his enemies –,
wr bnit n Smzw zw, didi(w) TAw n(y) anx n dwA(w) zw.
a great one with a pleasant personality for the one who accompanies him,
one who gives the breath of life to the one who adores him.