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ÉC IM EN HIEROGLYPHIC EGYPTIAN A Practical Grammar of Middle Egyptian Claude OBSOMER SP and Sylvie FAVRE-BRIANT Safran Publishers Brussels ÉC IM EN SP Cover picture: Inscription from the White Chapel of Senusret I in Karnak © Cl. Obsomer 2006 Translation by Travis Watters (Altius Language Services, Australia) © 2015 – Safran Publishers, Brussels | www.safranpublishers.com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior consent of the publishers. D/2015/9835/97 - Series “Langues et cultures anciennes”, 23 ISBN 978-2-87457-084-1 Printed in E.U. Table of Contents 11 12 15 15 Chapter One — Egyptian hieroglyphic writing General remarks A. A short introduction to hieroglyphs B. The three main functions of signs C. Phonetic signs or phonograms 1. Uniliterals 2. Multiliterals D. Determinatives E. Ideograms F. Comments on spelling G. Characteristics of the writing system 17 18 20 21 21 21 23 28 29 32 33 Chapter Two — From words to clauses Introduction A. Examples of non-verbal clauses B. Examples of verbal clauses C. A comment on the suffix pronoun D. Royal cartouches 37 38 38 39 41 41 Chapter Three — Nouns and nominal groups A. Nouns 1. Gender and number 2. The plural of masculine nouns 3. The plural of feminine nouns 4. Comments on the gender of certain words 5. The dual of masculine and feminine nouns 6. Singular collective nouns B. Adjectives 1. Qualifying adjectives 2. Nisbe adjectives 3. Syntax of adjectives 4. Specific adjectives 5. The comparative 6. The superlative C. Elements of nominal syntax 1. Direct genitive construction 2. Indirect genitive construction 3. Comments on the use of the genitive 43 44 44 44 45 45 46 47 49 49 49 51 53 55 55 56 56 57 57 SP ÉC IM EN Introduction A. Language and writing B. Deciphering hieroglyphs C. Selected bibliography Table of Contents – 7 59 59 61 61 61 66 68 68 70 71 73 73 74 75 76 77 77 78 79 79 80 ÉC IM EN 4. Coordination and disjunction 5. Nouns in apposition 6. Summary of the juxtaposition of nouns D. Prepositions and conjunctions 1. Simple prepositions and conjunctions 2. Prepositional phrases E. Numbers and dates 1. Cardinal numbers 2. Ordinal numbers 3. Numbers in dates F. Personal pronouns 1. The suffix pronoun 2. The independent pronoun 3. The dependent pronoun 4. Word order after a verb G. Demonstratives and possessives 1. The demonstrative pn 2. The demonstrative pw 3. The demonstrative pf 4. The demonstrative pA 5. The possessive determiner pAy.f SP Chapter Four — Non-verbal clauses A theoretical approach A. Non-verbal clauses with nominal predicates 1. With a personal pronoun as subject 2. With a demonstrative pronoun pw as subject 3. With a noun as subject B. Non-verbal clauses with adjectival predicates 1. With a noun as subject 2. With a personal pronoun as subject 3. Comments C. Non-verbal clauses with adverbial predicates 1. NVCs introduced by an auxiliary 2. NVCs introduced by a proclitic particle 3. NVCs with neither auxiliary nor particle D. Negation of non-verbal clauses 1. NVCs with nominal predicates 2. NVCs with adjectival predicates 3. NVCs with adverbial predicates E. Non-verbal clauses expressing existence 1. Existence 2. Non-existence 81 82 82 82 83 83 84 84 85 85 87 87 90 91 93 93 93 94 94 94 95 8 – Table of Contents F. Non-verbal clauses expressing possession 1. NVCs with adjectival predicates 2. NVCs with adverbial predicates 3. NVCs with nominal predicates 95 95 96 96 97 98 98 99 100 100 101 101 103 105 106 107 107 108 109 109 109 110 114 116 117 118 118 120 123 124 125 125 125 125 126 126 128 128 Chapter Six — Verbs (suffix forms and verbal clauses) A theoretical approach 1. Morphology of the active suffix forms 2. Perfect, imperfect and prospective 129 130 130 132 SP ÉC IM EN Chapter Five — Verbs (non-suffix and relative forms) A. The classification of verbs (verbal roots) 1. Strong verbs 2. Weak verbs 3. Geminated verbs 4. Comments B. The infinitive 1. Morphology 2. Syntax of the infinitive 3. Constructions determined by the infinitive 4. Negating an infinitive C. The imperative 1. Morphology 2. Reinforcing the imperative 3. Negating the imperative D. The participle 1. General remarks 2. Imperfective and perfective participles 3. Prospective participles 4. Syntax 5. Negating participles E. The “relative form” 1. General remarks 2. Morphology 3. Syntax 4. Negating the relative form F. Summary of “relative clauses” 1. The participle 2. The relative form 3. Certain nisbe adjectives 4. Certain indirect genitives 5. Clauses introduced by a relative pronoun 6. Certain clauses not introduced by a relative pronoun G. The “negative verbal complement” Table of Contents – 9 133 139 139 144 145 148 148 150 152 154 154 158 159 159 160 160 161 162 162 163 164 164 165 165 166 167 167 168 169 170 171 SP ÉC IM EN 3. Syntax of suffix forms A. Regular forms of the perfect 1. The perfect zDm.n.f 2. The “perfective” zDm.f 3. The passive and negation B. The imperfect 1. The “aorist” zDm.f 2. The “imperfective” zDm.f 3. The passive and negation C. The prospective 1. The “prospective” zDm.f 2. The passive and negation D. Rare forms of the suffix conjugation 1. The zDmt.f form 2. The zDm.in.f form 3. The zDm.xr.f form 4. The zDm.kA.f form E. Passive suffix forms 1. Passive forms ending in -w 2. Passive forms ending in -tw 3. The impersonal passive 4. The agent F. Negative verbal clauses 1. Forms introduced by the particle n 2. Forms introduced by the particle nn 3. Forms using the verb tm 4. Forms using the verb imi G. A practical approach to the zDm.f and zDm.n.f forms H. The pseudo-participle (or old perfective) 1. Morphology 2. Syntax Chapter Seven — Particles, auxiliaries, interrogative words A. Proclitic particles and auxiliaries 1. Proclitic particles 2. Auxiliaries B. Enclitic particles and adverbs 1. Enclitic particles 2. A few adverbs C. Interrogative words 1. The particle in 2. Interrogative pronouns 3. Interrogative adverbs 181 182 182 188 192 192 192 193 193 194 195 10 – Table of Contents 197 198 198 199 199 199 200 200 202 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 210 211 212 Chapter Nine — Resources A. List of hieroglyphic signs B. Egyptian-English vocabulary C. Reference list of examples cited D. Chronological table 213 214 250 297 301 Exercises A. Hieroglyphic writing and vocabulary (ex. 1 to 23) B. Nouns, pronouns and nominal groups (ex. 24 to 35) C. Non-verbal clauses (ex. 36 to 41) D. Verbs and verbal clauses (ex. 42 to 64) 303 304 304 324 324 336 336 346 346 SP ÉC IM EN Chapter Eight — Specific expressions A. Names of kings 1. The five titles of the royal protocol 2. Secondary titles 3. Other names 4. Royal epithets B. Names of individuals 1. Anthroponyms 2. Private titles 3. Private epithets C. Expressing filiation 1. Filiation using the term “son” 2. Filiation using mz(w).n or mzt.n 3. Filiation using ir(w).n or irt.n 4. Compound filiations D. Funerary formulas 1. The Htp-di-nzw / di-nzw-Htp formula 2. The call to the living 3. The Abydos formula B. Adjectives – 49 B. Adjectives In Egyptian, there are two types of adjectives: qualifying adjectives and nisbe adjectives. [97] 1. Qualifying adjectives One of the most common qualifying adjectives will be used as a paradigm: ÉC IM EN [98] nfr “perfect”, “beautiful”, “good”, etc. If an adjective is invariable when functioning as an predicate, as an attributive adjective it has endings that, in theory, are the same as those of the nouns. Adjective [99] masculine feminine singular nfr nfrt plural nfrw nfr(w)t dual nfr(wy) nfrt(y) Placed after the noun with which it agrees, an attributive adjective in its hieroglyphic form may have abbreviated endings, reduced to a minimum. Thus, in the feminine plural, the ending -wt will often be reduced to alone: wAwt nfr(w)t “beautiful roads” 033 [Ex. 27.1-6] 2. Nisbe adjectives [100] » Nisbe adjectives are formed from a noun or preposition, by adding the suffix -y (in the masculine singular). Their meaning indicates a relation with the term from which they are derived: “the one from…”, “the one who is…”. a. Nisbes derived from nouns The following nisbe will be used as a paradigm for nisbe adjectives derived from nouns: SP [101] nTry “divine”, “the one of god”, derived from the noun nTr “god” nTry functioning as an attribuLike the qualifying adjective nfr, the nisbe tive adjective agrees with the noun to which it refers. Adjective masculine feminine singular nTry nTr(y)t plural nTryw nTr(yw)t Note: the ending -y is frequently omitted when writing nisbes. Only context and experience allow all ambiguity to be removed: in transliteration, the elements not written in hieroglyphs are placed in parentheses. E. Numbers and dates – 71 3. Numbers in dates a. The elements of dates [246] Complete Egyptian dates contain, in order, the following information: 187 Date on the stela of Mery (reign of Senusret I): 1. Year of the reign st nd rd th ”Year 9” Abd 2-nw “2nd month” n(y) Axt “of Akhet” zw 20 “day 20” ÉC IM EN 2. The 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 month… Rnpt-zp 9 …of the season 3. The day of the month Comments [247] 1. Only the numbering of the months uses an ordinal number. [248] 2. The date can be abbreviated as follows: Year 9, Akhet II.20, of that reign. [249] 3. Do not confuse 188 and rnpt 6 “6 years” (duration) or , which refer to the year as a duration. rnpt-zp 6 “Year 6” (date) b. Information concerning seasons and months The Egyptian civil year included three seasons, each four months long, which are personified in this relief from the mastaba of Mereruka in Saqqara (two women and a man, according to the gender of the names of the seasons). SP [250] Axt “Akhet” referring to the period of flooding Prt “Peret” referring to the period of receding water Umw “Shemu” referring to the period of low water C. Non-verbal clauses with adverbial predicates – 87 C. Non-verbal clauses with adverbial predicates [332] Whatever the nature of the “adverbial Predicate” (adverb, prepositional objects, etc.), the construction of this very common non-verbal clause is always S + P. Iw Cnw • m zgr. “The Residence was in silence”. 271 ÉC IM EN In our example, the clause is introduced by an auxiliary iw, which is placed before the Subject Xnw. The absence of an auxiliary would have led us to consider the clause as a subordinate: “(…), while the Residence was in silence.” Note that introductory words other than the auxiliary iw exist, which give different nuances to the clause: the auxiliaries aHa.n, wnn, etc.; the proclitic particles mk, izT, etc. 1. NVCs introduced by an auxiliary [333] The combined presence of iw and a nominal subject clearly indicates in Middle Egyptian that we are dealing with a main or independent clause, to be translated in the indicative. The choice between the present and the imperfect of the indicative depends on the context (present or past). a. With an adverb or prepositional object as predicate [334] The first example has an adverb as predicate, the second a noun preceded by a preposition. Iw Gb • im. “Geb is there”. 272 Iw Cnw • m zgr. “The Residence was in silence”. 273 [335] It matters little whether the preposition introduces a prepositional phrase indicating time, location or manner, etc.: all that is needed is a prepositional object for the latter to function as an adverbial Predicate. Iw nzt • n.i. “The throne (belongs) to me”. 274 [Ex. 38.1-2] SP Comments 1. With the m or r of equivalence [336] The adverbial predicate of the following NVC is a prepositional object introduced by the preposition m. The main meanings and translations of this preposition were presented above. Here, of all evidence, it is the m of equivalence which is used. 275 Iw Hm.k • m Îr iT(w). “Your Majesty (appears) as Horus the conqueror” => “Your Majesty is Horus the conqueror”. In short, the adverbial predicate of this NVC corresponds, in the English translation, to a predicative nominal. A reminder: there is also a NVC with a predicative nominal: P + pw + “real” Subject [314-316]. A theoretical approach – 131 a. Simple verbal stems [542] 1. Short form, attested for strong, weak and geminated verbs: zDm.f mr.f mA.f 2. Short form ending in -w, attested for strong and weak verbs, but very rare: zmxw.Tn ——— mrw.Tn ÉC IM EN 3. Short form ending in -y, attested for weak verbs: ——— ——— mry.f 4. Geminated form, attested for weak and geminated verbs: ——— mrr.f mAA.f b. Verbal stems with suffixes [543] 1. Form with the suffix n, the most common, used for the “perfect”. zDm.n.f mr.n.f mA.n.f 2. Form with the suffix t (this suffix is written before any determinative). zDmt.f mrt.f mAAt.f 3. Form with the suffix in zDm.in.f mr.in.f mA.in.f 4. Form with the suffix xr zDm.xr.f mr.xr.f mAA.xr.f mr.kA.f mAA.kA.f 5. Form with the suffix kA zDm.kA.f SP c. Main active forms and their uses [544] The zDm.f and zDm.n.f forms are used to express the perfect, the imperfect or the prospective. The following table shows the various forms and their uses. Aspects Forms Perfect zDm.n.f zDm.n.f mr.n.f mA.n.f perfective zDm.f mr.f mA.f aorist zDm.f mr.f imperfective zDm.f Imperfect Prospective prospective Strong verbs zDm.f Weak verbs Geminated verbs mrr.f mr.f mry.f mAA.f mAA.f mA.f 162 – Verbs (suffix forms and verbal clauses) The passive form is zDm.kA.tw.f. 1. Origin [693] According to Gardiner (Egyptian Grammar, § 437), the suffix -kA could come from the verb kAi “to think”. Note the following uses in interpolated clauses: kA.k “you will say”, kA.f “he will say”. 2. Variant The zDm.kA.f form has a well-attested variant, which will soon replace it: kA + possible Subject + zDm.f. ÉC IM EN [694] b. Uses [695] The zDm.kA.f form is used in main clauses to express a purely chronological sequence. Often used after a conditional subordinate clause, it is translated as a future. 604 Ir gm.k nTrw Hmz.y, Hmz.kA.k r.k Hna.zn. “If you find the gods seated, you will sit with them”. Îa.kA.zn mA.zn Tw. 605 “They will rejoice when they see you”. E. Passive suffix forms 1. Passive forms ending in - w [696] À The or is often omitted before a suffix pronoun. In order to identify the form as a passive, the meaning of the sentence must be considered. Some weak verbs have a passive ending in -y. SP [697] The zDm(w).f form is the passive form of the perfect in a predicative function, but it is also sometimes found as the passive form of the prospective in a predicative function. a. Passive of the perfect with a predicative function [698] The perfect zDm(w).f may be preceded by an auxiliary (iw or aHa.n) or a proclitic particle. 606 After his reception at the Palace, Sinuhe narrates his settling in the Residence: Iw rdi(w) n.i pr. “An estate was given to me”. 607 A person indicates his date of birth: Mzy.i m rnpt-zp 1 n(y) ZA-Ra Imn-m-HAt, nTr-nfr ZHtp(w)-ib-Ra. “I was born in the first year of the Son of Re, Amenemhat, the perfect god Sehetepibre”. C. Interrogative words – 193 m wn mAa “truly” m-wHm “again” m-bAH “before”, “previously” (Dr-bAH) m-mitt “likewise”, “similarly” m-HAt “before”, “previously” (Hr-HAt) m-xt “next” mAa nfy “really” “today” “unfairly” min nfr n zp “immediately”, “together” nHH “eternally” ÉC IM EN “well” r tp nfr xft(w) “at best”, “favourably” “in keeping” Hr-a(wy) “immediately”, “straight away” xnt(w) “previously”, “before” zp “once”, “never” zf “yesterday”, “the day before” gr Dt “also”, “more” dwA(w) Dr-a “morning” “eternally”, “forever” “for a long time” C. Interrogative words 1. The particle [844] in Placed at the beginning of a verbal or non-verbal clause, the interrogative particle in is used to ask a question whose expected answer is “yes” or “no”. In awA.tw.i rf m DAtt.f ? 795 “Will I therefore be robbed in his district?” [845] This particle can be developed into in-iw and the contrary, be contracted into n (sometimes written n). in-ntt or, on In-iw wn xprt m ⁄nw ? 796 “Did something happen at the Residence?” (I)n wr n.k antyw ? 797 SP “Do you own so much incense?” (literally: “Is incense important to you?”) [846] To reinforce a question, the enclitic particles “really”, sometimes written 798 ty, rf “therefore” and , or even can be used. In rf wrS.i r.f ? “Am I therefore going to spend my time doing that?” 799 In tr rxw Tw irt mrrt Hzzt nb.k ? “Are you really a man capable of carrying out what your Lord loves and praises?” tr 214 – Resources A. List of hieroglyphic signs 1. General table A. Men ! " # $ % & ƒ ' ( ) * + , -./ 2 3 4 5 6 6a 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14a ÉC IM EN 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; = > ? @ 15 16 17 17a 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 A B C D E F G HIJ K L M N ¶ O 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 43a 44 P Q R S T U V W X YZ < K Œ O 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 59 63 73 133a 184 B. Women [ \ ] ^ _ ` a £ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 C. Anthropomorphic deities b c d e f g h ¥ i j k 1 2 3 4 5 6 164 177 178 7 7a 8 9 10 læ m n 10a 11 11a 12 17 o p q 18 19 20 D. Parts of the human body r s tu v w x y z{ | } ~ Ä Å Ç 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 É Ñ Ö Ü áàâäã å ç è ê ë í ì 17 18 19 20 SP î ïó 33 34 35 35a 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 ò ô ö õ ú ù û ü † ° ¢§ 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46a £• ¶ ß ®©™ ´ ¨ ≠ Æ Ø ∞ ± ≤¥ 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 63 E. Mammals µ ∂ ∑ ∏ π ∫ô ª º Ω æ ø ¿ ¡ ¬ √ 1 2 3 4 5 6 6a 7 8 8a 9 10 11 12 13 14 ƒ ≈ a ∆ « » … ÀÃÕŒœ – — “ 15 16 16a 17 18 19 20 ”‘’÷◊"R 30 31 32 33 34 103 151 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 250 – Resources B. Egyptian-English Vocabulary A Amz (ib) to show interest, solicitude Ar to drive away, push back, A vulture deprive ÉC IM EN A therefore, certainly (enclit. part. 841) , At strength, power , At moment, instant, time , Ahd to palpitate, quiver, falter, to be weak Ayt to become pale, to fade , Aaa to shout; cry out , , Awt-a, Awt gifts, Ax Akh spirit Ax (to be) glorious, splendid, useful, beneficial, profitable Ab to cease, stop, halt, stay Abw cessation, interruption Abt family, clan Aby, Abw panther Abw elephant , , , Axty of the “horizon” Axty the god of the “horizon” sunshine , Abw Az to hurry, rush, invade SP Elephantine (UE town) Abx to melt, mingle, unite , , Abd month, monthly festival , AbDw Abydos (UE town) , Axt “horizon" Axw radiance (of the sun), Abw ivory , Ax-bit Chemmis (LE town) offerings , Axt Akhet season (flood) Ax clump of papyrus Aw-ib (to be) joyful Awt-ib joy , AHt field, arable land , Aw (to be) long; length , Alkzindrz Alexander Apd duck, poultry, bird Am to burn Amm to seize, grasp Ammt grasp Amz Ames sceptre, mace Azt quickly , Azt Isis (goddess) Azt Isis (PN) Azb incandescence (of radiance) Azx to reap, harvest Aq to perish, disappear AqHw war axe Atfw Atef crown ATw commander ÉC IM EN Exercises SP A.Hieroglyphic writing and vocabulary (ex. 1 to 23) B. Nouns, pronouns and nominal groups (ex. 24 to 35) C. Non-verbal clauses (ex. 36 to 41) D.Verbs and verbal clauses (ex. 42 to 64) 304 – Exercises A. Hieroglyphic writing and vocabulary (ex. 1 to 23) Exercise 1. A few words to discover hieroglyphs 1. 2. 15. 9. 16. 10. 17. ÉC IM EN 3. 8. 4. 11. 5. 12. 6. 19. 14. 18. 13. 7. 20. 21. Exercise 2. Uniliteral phonetic signs (from A to f) 1. 2. 6. 7. SP 20. 14. 19. 13. 16. 18. 12. 17. 11. 5. 10. 4. 15. 9. 3. 8. Exercise 3. Uniliteral phonetic signs (from m to X) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 13. 9. 10. 11. 12. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. A. Hieroglyphic writing and vocabulary (ex. 1 to 23) – 305 Exercise 1. Solution 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. rmfish rdfoot rx to know mzHcrocodile Tzmdog bdS to become weak fdtsweat zgr silence Hnk to offer, present PtH Ptah Apd duck, poultry hAb to send afAy camp, encampment iart Uraeus inr stone, block ky other wiA bark (sacred) wbn to rise, shine Dzr sacred, holy Xrd child iqr excellent, skilful ÉC IM EN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Exercise 2. Solution Apd duck, poultry hAb to send iart Uraeus inr stone ky other HAy to be naked HHy to look for xfty opponent, enemy afAy camp, encampment iart Uraeus SP 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. wiA bark wbn to rise, shine pw this, that pw this, that bdS to become weak rd foot PtH Ptah Apd duck, poultry fdt sweat afAy camp, encampment Exercise 3. Solution mzH crocodile im there m in, during, out of ... m in, during, out of ... nht sycamore fdt sweat n to, for n to, for rm fish 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. inr stone hAb to send nht sycamore Hnk to present, offer Hb festival xrp to govern, control rx to know Xrd child Xzt cowardice 376 – Exercises Exercise 64. Royal titles and epithets 1. The king is the one who grants the priviledge of having a tomb: 2. An extract from the inscription concerning the channel in Sehel: ÉC IM EN 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. An extract from the inscription on the stela Cairo JE 71901 (Wadi el-Hudi) SP D. Verbs and verbal clauses (ex. 42 to 64) – 377 Exercise 64. Solution 1. 2. 3. 4. SP ÉC IM EN aqw m tA didi(w) nzw Enter the earth that the king grants. uD Hm.f irt mr m mA(w)t. His Majesty gave orders to restore this channel. NH pw n bAk-im n nb.f. Such is the prayer of the servant that I am to his master. qmA(w) nTrw r HqA Snt.n itn he whom all the gods have created (to be) the sovereign of what the sun encompasses 5. aHa.n.(i) aq.kwi Hr ity. Then I was taken to the sovereign. 6. PA iit ir(w).n pA NaRNw n pr-aA, anx.(w) wDA.(w) znb.(w) ! Arrival made by the Ne’arin troop of Pharaoh, (may he be) alive, prosperous and healthy! 7. anx Jr anx-mzwt, Nbty anx-mzwt, nzw-bity cpr-kA-Ra, zA-Ra Z-n(y)-uzrt, Long live Horus Ankh-mesut, He of the Two Ladies Ankh-mesut, King of Upper and Lower Egypt Kheperkare, Son of Re, Senusret, nTr nfr dn(w) Iwnw, zn(w) wzrwt imyw Ztt, the perfect god who beheads the Iunu and cuts the throats of those who are in Setjet, ity arf(w) JAw-nbw, in(w) Drw nHz(y)wt, zk(w) tpw the sovereign who holds back the Hau-nebu, reaches the limit of the Nubian hordes (?) and kills the chiefs Abt XAkt-ib, wzx tAS, pD(w) nmtt, zmA(w).n nfrw.f vAwy, of the rebellious clan, the one with an extended border line who prolongs expeditions (?), whose excellence has united the Two Lands, nb At znDw m xAzwt, zxr(w).n Sat.f zbiw the one who possesses strength and respect in the mountainous regions, whose massacre has made opponents fall, – Aq.n bTnw.f n Sat Hm.f; zpH.n.f xftyw.f –, – it is because of the massacre His Majesty inflicted that those who defied him died; it is with a lasso that he captured his enemies –, wr bnit n Smzw zw, didi(w) TAw n(y) anx n dwA(w) zw. a great one with a pleasant personality for the one who accompanies him, one who gives the breath of life to the one who adores him.