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Text Reference: Biology Source 11 Also refer to the cross-section diagrams of the root from your notes. Recall: plants produce their own food by the process of photosynthesis: sunlight 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Plants require water for photosynthesis and require minerals for growth and for cellular functions. Water and minerals must be absorbed from the soil and must travel throughout the plant this movement is accomplished by combined mechanisms at work in the roots, the stem, and the leaves. (I) In the Roots Water and mineral transport is carried out by the process of water and mineral uptake begins in the Absorb minerals from the soil by the process of in vascular plants. The of plants. . 1. Why is it advantageous for the plant to have root hairs as extensions of the roots? 2. Where does the energy needed for the absorption of minerals come from? 3. What prevents the minerals from diffusing back out into the soil at this point? Now there is a concentration of minerals inside the root that creates that is to the soil, thereby creating a concentration gradient for to diffuse into the root by . As long as the root hairs continue to absorb minerals by active transport, water will continue to flow into the root without the input of energy. The accumulation of water and dissolved minerals in the root creates pressure called which will . (II) In the Stem A second property of water that enables it to move through the xylem, against the force of gravity, is . water molecules tend to “stick” to each other 1 because of the molecules. bonds that exist between water 4. How does the diameter of the xylem contribute to the plant’s ability to “pull” water from the ground to its tallest leaves? 5. To what can the strength of a column of water be compared? (III) in the Leaves The third mechanism that contributes to the movement of water and dissolved minerals up the stem of the plant comes from the leaves. This “pulling” action is referred to as leaf pull or . As water molecules enter the leaf, most are lost as a result of . When one molecule leaves the leaf, the next molecule is “pulled up” behind it. This process continues in an unbroken cohesive chain all the way from the leaf to the roots. Therefore, the rate of xylem sap movement is dependent on the rate of . 6. Define the term transpiration. Evaporation of liquid from the surface of the leaf requires which is obtained from the , . 7. To summarize the flow of water from the roots to the leaves of vascular plants, complete the following diagram. 2