Download Grammar Notes: Nouns (p. 192 – 196)

Grammar Notes: Nouns (p. 192 – 196)
1. A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.
a. Complete exercise 1 in class (p. 192).
b. Can be a subject (doing action), direct object (receiving action), or indirect object
(person/object given to or done for).
2. A collective noun is a noun that names a group of people or things.
a. Complete exercise 2 in class (p. 193).
3. A compound noun is made up of two or more words.
a. Ex. Sheepdog
b. Ex. High school
4. A common noun names any one of a class of people, places, or things.
5. A proper noun names a specific person, place, or thing.
6. Introduce diagramming sentences:
Subject (noun)
Mary ate a banana.
Sally saw seashells.
Homework:
Exercise 5 p. 195 (HG only)
Exercises 6 – 10 p. 196
Action (verb)
Grammar Notes: Pronouns (p. 197 – 205)
1. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or group of words acting as a noun.
a. We use them to help the sentence flow smoothly.
b. Ex. The teacher described how the teacher did the teacher’s job.
The teacher described how she did her job.
2. An antecedent is the noun (or group of words acting as a noun) for which a pronoun
stands.
a. Ex. (see above).
b. Complete exercise 13 (p. 199) in class.
3. Personal pronouns refer to the person speaking, person spoken to, or noun spoken about.
Plural
1 person
we, us, our ours
2nd person
you, your, yours
rd
3 person
they, them, their,
theirs
4. Demonstrative pronouns point out a specific person, place, or thing.
st
Singular
I, me, my, mine
you, your, yours
he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its
a. Ex. That has always been my favorite movie.
b. Be careful not to confuse with an adjective: That pencil is sharp!
5. Interrogative pronouns begin a question.
a. what, which, who, whom, whose
b. NOT when, where!
6. Indefinite pronouns are persons, places, or things not specifically named.
a. Ex. Everything is ready for the trip.
b. Ex. Both want to be doctors.
c. Be careful not to confuse with an adjective: Both students will go to Kennywood.
Homework: Exercise 14 (p. 200)
Exercises 18 – 20 (p. 205)
Exercise 21 (p. 205) HG only
Grammar Notes: Verbs ( p. 206 – 221)
1. An action verb tells what action someone or something is performing.
a. Ex. Run, crawl, think, write
b. Complete exercise 1 (Honors only) (p. 208) in class
2. Transitive vs. intransitive action verbs:
a. A transitive verb has a direct object. Ex. The captain rang the bell.
b. An intransitive verb does not have a direct object. Ex. The bell rang for dinner.
c. Complete exercise 2 (p. 209) (HG only) in class.
3. A linking verb connects a noun or pronoun with a word that identifies or describes it (noun
or adjective).
a. Ex. New York is a city.
b. Ex. Alice seemed worried about something.
c. Complete exercise 10 in class (p. 212).
Forms of “be”
am
are being
are
is being
is
was being
was
were being
were
can be
am being
could be
Other common linking verbs:
appear
grow
become
look
may be
might be
must be
shall be
should be
will be
seem
smell
would be
have been
has been
had been
could have been
may have been
remain
sound
might have been
must have been
shall have been
should have been
will have been
would have been
feel
turn
stay
taste
4. A helping verb is added before another verb to make a verb phrase.
a. It usually changes the tense of the verb.
am
is
are
was
been
had
did
were
has
do
may
be
have
does
might
b. Complete exercise 20 (p. 219) in class.
must
can
could
shall
should
will
would
Homework:
Exercise 11 (p. 213) Exercise 12 (p. 215) HG only Exercise 13 (p. 216) Exercise 22 (p. 220)
Grammar Notes: Adjectives ( p. 222 – 225)
1. An adjective describes a noun or a pronoun.
a. They usually come directly in front of a noun. Ex. Many students eat fried food.
b. They sometimes come after a noun.
i. Ex. Apples, crisp and juicy, are a healthy alternative to French fries.
ii. Ex. She is the crankiest I have ever seen!
c. Compound adjectives are made up of more than one word.
i. Ex. well-known actress
ii. Ex. featherweight boxer.
iii. Ex. ________________
2. Adjectives answer one of four questions:
a. What kind? Ex. tube sock
b. Which one? Ex. blue pen
c. How many? Ex. sixteen candles
d. How much? Ex. several dollars
3. Complete exercise 1 (p. 225) in class.
4. Articles always come before an adjective and answer the question: which one?
a. Definite article (the) refers to a specific person, place, or thing.
b. Indefinite articles (a, an) point out a type of person, place, or thing.
5. Nouns can be used as adjectives when they come right before another noun and answer the
questions: what kind? or which one?
a. Ex. noun: shoe
adjective: shoe box
b. Ex. noun: tiger
adjective: tiger cage
c. Ex. noun: _______
adjective: ________________
6. Possessive nouns and pronouns, indefinite pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and
interrogative pronouns can be used as adjectives too.
a. Ex. The ducks flapped their wings.
b. Ex. Both students drew a picture.
c. Ex. I will eat these cookies.
d. What items did you buy?
Homework:
Ex. 3 (p. 228) Odds only
Ex. 41 (p. 293) Odds only
Ex. 7 (p. 233) Odds only
Ex. 8 (p. 234) Odds only
Ex. 10 (p. 235)
Ex. 6 (p. 232) HG only
Grammar Notes: Adverbs (p. 236 – 243)
1. An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
2. Adjectives that modify a verb answer one of four questions:
a. Where?
I fell there.
b. When?
She arrived yesterday.
c. In what way? (How?)
He works carefully.
d. To what extent?
She really surprised me.
3. Complete exercise 16 (p. 236) in class.
4. Adverbs sometimes modify adjectives. They answer the question: To what extent?
a.
Ex. She was very upset.
He is extremely tall.
b. Practice: Modify this adjective with an adverb: The man was ___________ hungry.
5. Adverbs sometimes modify other adverbs. They answer the question: To what extent?
a. Ex. I was too shocked to speak!
b. Ex. Flying squirrels are quite easily spotted in the forest.
c. Practice: Modify this adverb with an adverb: She ran _________________ quickly.
6. Adverbs can be anywhere in the sentence.
a. Read the chart on p. 239 of the Grammar Handbook.
b. Complete exercise 19 (p. 239) in class.
7. Words can sometimes be either adverbs or adjectives. To tell the difference, you can:
a. Determine what question it is answering.
b. Determine what part of speech it is modifying.
c. Diagram the sentence.
d. Ex. Ice road truckers work hard.
e. Ex. Ice road truckers enjoy hard work.
f. Ex. My mom prepared a kingly feast for me.
g. Ex. She is a friendly person.
h. Jake will slowly savor his Smiley cookie.
Homework:
# 17 (p. 237)
# 18 (p. 238)
# 20 (p. 241)
# 26 (p. 243)
# 21 (p. 241 HG only)
Prepositions (p. 244 – 253)
1. A preposition relates the noun or pronoun following it to another word in the sentence.
a. A preposition usually relates location.
b. Fit a word into the following sentence to see if it is a preposition:
The cat jumped ________ the mouse.
c. Some prepositions do not fit into the blank: (see chart on p. 246)
About
For
Among
Like
Besides
Of
But
Out
Down
Since
Except
Until
2. The noun or pronoun following a preposition is called the object of the preposition.
3. Practice: Circle the preposition and underline the object of the preposition in the sentences
below:
a. The pig wallowed in the mud at exactly noon.
b. Please give that to me.
c. Jesse ate a whole pizza from Dominoes.
d. The moon at the summer solstice looks unusually large.
e. I love traveling to Michigan during the holidays.
4. A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, object of the preposition, and any other
words that modify the object of the preposition.
a. This phrase may function as an adjective or adverb in the sentence.
b. Ex. I ran to the curb to see the parade.
c. The clowns performed…
d. Ex. I like the watch with the blue band.
e. I bought the shirt…
5. Diagramming practice: Diagram the following sentences:
a. Batman beat the Joker easily in a showdown.
b. Who read the newspaper article about Osama Bin Laden yesterday?
c. Manhattan is a large borough of New York City.
d. Zebras and cheetahs are some of my favorite animals in the zoo.
e. Deliver the kidney to the hospital now!
Homework:
Ex. 1 (p. 247)
Ex. 2 (p. 248)
Ex. 9 (p. 250)
Ex. 10 (p. 251) HG only
Ex. 1 (p. 299)
Ex. 2 (p. 301)
Conjunctions (p. 256 – 260) & Interjections (p. 261 – 264)
1. A conjunction connects words or groups of words.
2. Coordinating conjunctions connect similar words or groups of words.
and
but
nor
for
so
or
yet
a. Ex. You will need a paper and pen. (connecting nouns)
b. Ex. Sorry, but I have to eat and run. (connecting verbs)
c. Ex. Over the river and through the woods to Grandmother’s house we go!
(connecting prepositional phrases)
d. Ex. You will do your homework or you will fail! (connecting clauses)
3. Correlative conjunctions are pairs of words that connect similar or groups of words.
both… and
either… or
not only… but also
neither… nor
whether… or
a. Either the small van or the bus will pick us up. (connecting nouns)
b. Not only can they sing, but they can also dance! (connecting clauses)
c. Neither he nor she should be blamed for the party disaster. (connecting pronouns)
d. Every morning she both runs and swims.
4. Subordinating conjunctions connect a dependent clause to an independent clause.
a. A clause is a group of words with their own subject & verb.
b. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence.
i. Ex. I am happy.
c. A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence.
i. Ex. because it is my birthday tomorrow.
d. Ex. I am happy because it is my birthday tomorrow.
e. Ex. When I am done texting my friend, I will sleep.
after
blthough
as
as if
before
even though
if
in order that
than
though
unless
until
where
wherever
while
as long as
so that
since
5. An interjection is an exclamation that expresses feeling or emotion.
HW:
Exercise 2 (p. 258)
Exercise 22 (p. 314)
Exercises 5, 6 (p. 260)
Exercise 7 (p. 260 – HG only)
Exercises 13 – 15 (p. 264)
because
whenever
when