Download Series Resonant Converter with Output Voltage Doubler

Series Resonant Converter with Output Voltage
Doubler
Bor-Ren Lin, Senior Member, IEEE, Li-An Lin, Yen-Ju Chiang and Po-Li Chen
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology
Yunlin 640, Taiwan, ROC
Abstract—This paper presents a parallel zero voltage switching
(ZVS) dc-dc converter with series connected transformers. In
order to increase output power, two transformers connected in
series are used in the proposed converter. Two buck-type
converters connected in parallel have the same switching devices.
The primary windings of series connected transformers can
achieve the balanced secondary winding currents. The current
doubler rectifiers with ripple current cancellation are connected
in parallel at the output side to reduce the current stress of the
secondary winding. Thus the current ripple on the output
capacitor is reduced and the size of output choke and output
capacitor are reduced. Only two switches are used in the
proposed circuit instead of four switches in the conventional
parallel ZVS converter to achieve zero voltage switching and
output current sharing. Therefore, the proposed converter has
less power switches. The ZVS turn-on is implemented during the
commutation stage of two complementary switches such that the
switching losses and thermal stresses on the semiconductors are
reduced. Experimental results for a 528W (48V/11A) prototype
are presented to prove the theoretical analysis and circuit
performance.
Keywords- series connected transformers, parallel converters,
converters.
I.
INTRODUCTION
To reduce the environmental pollution and save energy
waste, EPA (Environment Protection Agency) and CSCI
(Climate Saver Computing Initiative) have been proposed the
necessary circuit efficiency of modern power supply unit. For
consumer power electronics, the small package size and high
efficiency of power supply are also demanded. Two ways to
achieve high efficiency power converters, there are the singlestage power converters for low power applications and twostage power converters for medium and high power
applications. Single-stage power converters are used in the
applications of the electronic ballasts and light emitting diodes
(LED) street lighting system. For two-stage power converters,
the front-end stage with power factor correction (PFC) is
normally adopted to reduce current harmonics and reactive
power with 93~95% efficiency. Soft switching techniques
have been proposed in [1]-[7] to achieve high efficiency dc-dc
converter. However, the main drawback of these techniques is
high voltage or current stresses on power semiconductors to
limit the practical applications in power supply unit. In series
resonant converter, the output voltage cannot be properly
regulated at no-load condition. The LLC series resonant
converter has been drawn attention due to its essential
This project is supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan under
Grant NSC 99-2221-E-224-083-MY2.
advantages of high conversion efficiency and high power
density [8]-[14]. The half-bridge or full-bridge converter type
is usually adopted at the primary side to realize the zero
voltage switching (ZVS) turn-on for all power switches
without any auxiliary circuit. If the switching frequency is
lower than the series resonant frequency, the secondary side
rectifier is operated under zero current switching (ZCS)
condition. Then the reverse recovery losses for diode rectifier
or the switching losses for synchronous rectifier are reduced.
This paper presents a parallel LLC series resonant converter
for server/data storage system applications. In the proposed
converter, two converter cells are connected in parallel to
share the input and load current. The output voltage doubler is
adopted in the secondary side to reduce the secondary winding
turns and to clamp the voltage stress of the rectifier diodes to
output voltage. Thus the low voltage rating schottky diodes
can be used in the secondary side. The design switching
frequency at full load condition is less than series resonant
frequency. Thus the power switches in the primary side are
operated at ZVS turn-on and the rectifier diodes in the
secondary side are operated at ZCS turn-off. Therefore, the
switching losses of power switches and reverse recovery
losses of rectifier diodes are reduced. The fundamental
frequency approximation technique is adopted to derive the
voltage conversion ratio and the circuit parameters. A design
procedure of the proposed converter is presented in detail.
Experiments based on a 960W prototype for server power
supply unit were provided to verify the effectiveness of the
proposed converter.
II.
CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION
The circuit configuration of the proposed converter is
shown in Fig. 1. Compared with other soft switching
converters such as asymmetry half-bridge converters and
active clamp converters, the adopted LLC converter can
achieve ZVS turn-on of power switches with the wide range of
load conditions and input voltage range. The rectifier diodes
can be turned off at ZCS if the switching frequency is less
than the series resonant frequency. Thus the switching losses
are reduced. The output terminal voltage is controlled by
variation of switching frequency. Two LLC circuits with
output voltage doubler are connected in parallel to share the
load current. Thus the current stresses at the secondary
windings are reduced. Vin and Vo are input and output terminal
voltages, respectively. In circuit 1, switches Q1 and Q2 are
half-bridge network, Cr1, Lr1, and Lm1 are resonant tank, T1 is
an isolated transformer, and D1 and D2 are rectifier diodes.
Coss1 and Coss2 are output capacitances of switches Q1 and Q2
respectively. In the same manner, the circuit 2 includes the
circuit components of Q3, Q4, Cr2, Lr2, Lm2, T2, D3 and D4. The
output voltage doubler rectifier is adopted to reduce the
secondary winding turns compared with the center-tapped
rectifier topology. The voltage stress of rectifier diodes is
clamped to output terminal voltage Vo. There is only a diode
voltage drop at the secondary side instead of two diode
voltage drop in the full-wave diode rectifier. The proposed
circuit with power factor correction in the front stage can be
used in medium power rating applications such as all-in-one
PC power supply, LCD-TV power module, PDP-TV power
module, server power supply unit and data storage power
supply unit to meet the efficiency requirements.
Vin
Q2
Coss1
Cr1 Lr1
vCr1 iLr1
Coss2
iQ2
vLm1 v D
T1 s1 1
Lm1
iD1
iLm1
Np:Ns iD2
iQ3
Q3
Q4
iQ4
Vo
Co1
Co2
Io
Vo1
Ro
iQ1
Q1
Vo2
D2
Coss3
Cr2
Lr2
vCr2 iLr2
Coss4
vLm2
Lm2
iLm2
T2vs2 D3
iD3
Np:Ns iD4
D4
Fig. 1 Proposed parallel LLC series resonant converter.
III.
OPERATION PRINCIPLE
The adopted series resonant converter is regulated using
the frequency modulation technique with 50% duty cycle on
each power switch. The components of two LLC circuits are
Coss=Coss1=Coss2=Coss3=Coss4,
identical,
Cr=Cr1=Cr2,
Lr=Lr1=Lr2, Lm=Lm1=Lm2. The turns ratio of transformers T1
and T2 is n=Np/Ns. The output voltages Vo1=Vo2. Based on the
on/off states of switches and rectifier diodes, there are eight
operation modes in a switching cycle. Fig. 2 and Fg. 3 give
the main key waveforms and the topological equivalent
circuits in a switching cycle. Before time t0, Q2 and Q3 are on
and the resonant inductor current iLr1=iLm1 and iLr2=iLm2. All
rectifier diodes D1~D4 are all off.
Mode 1 [t0≤t<t1]: At time t0, switches Q2 and Q3 are turned
off and diodes D1 and D4 are conducting in this mode. The
magnetizing inductance voltages vLm1 and vLm2 are clamped to
nVo1 and -nVo2, respectively. The magnetizing current iLm1
increases and iLm2 decreases in this mode.
iLm1 (t ) = iLm1 (t0 ) + nVo1 (t − t0 ) / Lm ,
iLm 2 (t ) = iLm 2 (t0 ) − nVo 2 (t − t0 ) / Lm
(1)
where n=Np/Ns and Lm1=Lm2=Lm. Coss1, Coss2, Cr1 and Lr1 are
resonant in circuit 1 and Coss3, Coss4, Cr2 and Lr2 are resonant in
circuit 2. The inductor current iLr1 charges capacitor Coss2 from
zero voltage and discharges capacitor Coss1 from Vin. In the
same manner, Capacitor Coss3 is charged from zero voltage and
capacitor Coss4 is discharged from Vin. The capacitor voltages
are approximately expressed as:
i (t )
i (t )
vCoss1 (t ) ≈ Vin − Lr1 0 (t − t 0 ) , vCoss 2 (t ) ≈ Lr1 0 (t − t 0 ) ,
2Coss
2Coss
i Lr 2 (t 0 )
i (t )
(t − t 0 ) , vCoss 2 (t ) ≈ Vin − Lr 2 0 (t − t 0 ) (2)
2Coss
2Coss
The secondary winding currents iD1 and iD4 are given as:
iD1 (t ) = n[iLr1 (t ) − iLm1 (t )] , iD 4 (t ) = n[−iLr 2 (t ) + iLm 2 (t )] (3)
At time t1, the voltages vCoss2 and vCoss3 equal Vin and vCoss1 and
vCoss4 equal 0. Then the anti-parallel diode of Q1 and Q4 is
conducting.
Mode 2 [t1≤t<t2]: At time t1, the anti-parallel diodes of Q1 and
Q4 are conducting. In the secondary side, the rectifier diodes
D1 and D4 are forward-biased to charge capacitor voltage Vo1
and Vo2 respectively. Since the switch currents iQ1 and iQ4 are
negative in this mode, switches Q1 and Q4 can be turned on in
this interval to realize ZVS. This mode ends at time t2 when
Q1 and Q4 are turned on.
Mode 3 [t2≤t<t3]: At time t2, Q1 and Q4 are turned on at ZVS
(since iLr1(t2)<0 and iLr2(t2)>0). The rectifier diodes D1 and D4
are conducting in this mode. Thus the magnetizing inductor
voltages vLm1=nVo1 and vLm2=-nVo2. The magnetizing current
iLm1 increases linearly with the slope of nVo1/Lm and the
magnetizing current iLm2 decreases linearly with the slope of nVo2/Lm. Lr1 and Cr1 are resonant with the applied voltage VinnVo1 in circuit 1 and Lr2 and Cr2 are resonant with the applied
voltage -nVo2 in circuit 2. The resonant frequency of circuits 1
and 2 in this mode is derived as:
vCoss 3 (t ) ≈
Fig. 2 Key waveforms of the proposed converter.
f r = 1 / 2π Lr Cr
(3)
Ro
(b)
(c)
Ro
(a)
(d)
(e)
iQ1
Q1
Vin
Q2
Coss1
Cr1 Lr1
vCr1
Coss2
iQ2
vLm1 v D
T1 s1 1
iLr1 Lm1
iD1
iLm1
Np:Ns iD2
iQ3
Q3
Q4
iQ4
Vo
(f)
Io
Vo1
Vo2
D2
Coss3
Cr2
vCr2
Coss4
Lr2
vLm2 v D
T2 s2 3
iLr2 Lm2
iD3
iLm2
Np:Ns iD4
D4
(g)
(h)
Fig. 3 Operation modes of the proposed converter (a) mode 1 (b) mode 2 (c) mode 3 (d) mode 4 (e) mode 5 (f) mode 6 (g) mode 7 (h) mode 8.
The resonant inductor currents and capacitor voltages during
this interval are expressed as:
V − nVo1 − vCr1 (t 2 )
t − t2
t − t2
(4)
+ iLr1 (t 2 ) cos
iLr1 (t ) = in
sin
Lr / Cr
Lr Cr
Lr Cr
iLr 2 (t ) =
nVo 2 − vCr 2 (t 2 )
Lr / Cr
sin
t − t2
Lr Cr
+ iLr 2 (t 2 ) cos
vCr1 (t ) = Vin − nVo1 − [Vin − nVo1 − vCr1 (t 2 )] cos
L
t − t2
+ iLr1 (t 2 ) r sin
Cr
Lr Cr
t − t2
Lr Cr
(5)
t − t2
Lr Cr
(6)
vCr 2 (t ) = nVo 2 − [nVo 2 − vCr 2 (t 2 )] cos
L
t − t2
+ iLr 2 (t 2 ) r sin
Cr
Lr Cr
t − t2
Lr Cr
(7)
The resonant inductor current iLr1 increases and iLr2 decreases.
In circuit 1, the power is transferred from input terminal
voltage Vin to output voltage Vo1 through Cr1, Lr1, T1 and D1.
In circuit 2, the energy stored in resonant inductance Lr2 is
transferred to output voltage Vo2 through Cr2, Lr2, T2 and D4.
This mode ends at time t3 when iLm1=iLr1 and iLm2=iLr2. Then
the diode currents iD1=iD4=0 and diodes D1 and D4 go to turn
off.
Mode 4 [t3≤t<t4]: This mode starts at t3 when iLm1=iLr1 and
iLm2=iLr2. Then all the secondary diodes D1~D4 are off.
However, switches Q1 and Q4 are still on. Thus the
components Cr1, Lr1 and Lm1 in circuit 1 are resonant. In the
same manner, Cr2, Lr2 and Lm2 in circuit 2 are resonant in this
interval. The resonant frequency is given as:
f p = 1 / 2π ( Lm + Lr )Cr
(8)
The resonant inductor currents and capacitor voltages during
this interval are expressed as:
V − v (t )
t − t3
iLr1 (t ) = in Cr1 3 sin
( Lr + Lm ) / Cr
( Lr + Lm )Cr
(9)
t − t3
+ iLr1 (t3 ) cos
( Lr + Lm )Cr
i Lr 2 (t ) = −
v Cr 2 (t 3 )
( Lr + Lm ) / C r
+ i Lr 2 (t 3 ) cos
sin
t − t3
( L r + L m )C r
t − t3
( L r + L m )C r
vCr1 (t ) = Vin − [Vin − vCr1 (t3 )] cos
t − t3
( Lr + Lm )Cr
L + Lm
t − t3
+ iLr1 (t3 ) r
sin
Cr
( Lr + Lm )Cr
vCr 2 (t ) = vCr 2 (t 3 ) cos
(10)
(11)
t − t3
( Lr + Lm )C r
L + Lm
t − t3
+ i Lr 2 (t 3 ) r
sin
Cr
( Lr + Lm )C r
(12)
In this mode, the resonant inductor current iLr1=iLm1 and
iLr2=iLm2. This mode ends at time t4 when switches Q1 and Q4
are turned off.
Mode 5 [t4≤t<t5]: At time t4, Q1 and Q4 are turned off and
diodes D2 and D3 are conducting. The magnetizing inductance
voltages vLm1 and vLm2 are clamped to -nVo2 and nVo1,
respectively. The magnetizing current iLm1 decreases with the
slope of -nVo2/Lm and iLm2 increases with the slope of nVo1/Lm
in this mode. At time t4, the inductor currents iLr1 and iLr2 are
positive and negative, respectively. Coss1 and Coss2 are charged
and discharged respectively by inductor current iLr1. In the
same manner, Coss3 and Coss4 are discharged and charged
respectively by inductor current iLr2. If the energy stored in
the inductor Lr1 is greater than the energy stored in capacitors
Coss1 and Coss2, then capacitor Coss1 can be charged to Vin and
Coss2 can be discharged to zero voltage. The drain to source
voltages of Q1 and Q2 are derived as:
i (t )
vQ1, ds (t ) = vCoss1 (t ) ≈ Lr1 4 (t − t 4 ) ,
2Coss
iLr1 (t4 )
(t − t4 )
(13)
2Coss
Likewise, the drain to source voltages of Q3 and Q4 are
derived as:
vQ 2, ds (t ) = vCoss 2 (t ) ≈ Vin −
vQ3, ds (t ) = vCoss 3 (t ) ≈ Vin −
iLr 2 (t 4 )
(t − t4 ) ,
2Coss
iLr 2 (t 4 )
(t − t4 )
(14)
2Coss
The secondary winding currents iD2 and iD3 are given as:
iD 2 (t ) = n[−iLr1 (t ) + iLm1 (t )] , iD 3 (t ) = n[iLr 2 (t ) − iLm 2 (t )] (15)
At time t5, the capacitor voltages vCoss2 and vCoss3 equal zero
voltage. Then the anti-parallel diode of Q2 and Q3 is
conducting.
Mode 6 [t5≤t<t6]: At time t5, the anti-parallel diode of Q2 and
Q3 is conducting (iLr1(t5)>0 and iLr2(t5)<0). The secondary
diodes D2 and D3 are conducting in this mode. Thus the
magnetizing inductor voltages vLm1=-nVo2 and vLm2=nVo1. The
magnetizing currents iLm1 and iLm2 decrease and increases
respectively. Since the switch currents iQ2 and iQ3 are both
negative in this mode, switches Q2 and Q3 can be turned on in
this interval to realize ZVS. This mode ends at time t6 when
Q2 and Q3 are turned on.
Mode 7 [t6≤t<t7]: At time t6, Q2 and Q3 are both turned on at
ZVS (since iLr1(t6)>0 and iLr2(t6)<0). The rectifier diodes D2
and D3 are conducting in this interval and the magnetizing
inductor voltages vLm1=-nVo2 and vLm2=nVo1. The magnetizing
current iLm1 decreases linearly with the slope of -nVo2/Lm.
Likewise, the inductor current iLm2 increases linearly with the
slope of nVo1/Lm. Lr1 and Cr1 are resonant with the applied
voltage -nVo2 in circuit 1 and Lr2 and Cr2 are resonant with the
applied voltage Vin-nVo1 in circuit 2. The resonant inductor
currents and capacitor voltages during this interval are
expressed as:
nV − v (t )
t − t6
t − t6
+ iLr1 (t6 ) cos
iLr1 (t ) = o 2 Cr1 6 sin
(16)
Lr / Cr
Lr Cr
Lr Cr
vQ 4, ds (t ) = vCoss 4 (t ) ≈
iLr 2 (t ) =
Vin − nVo1 − vCr 2 (t6 )
Lr / Cr
sin
t − t6
Lr Cr
+ iLr 2 (t6 ) cos
vCr1 (t ) = nVo 2 − [nVo 2 − vCr1 (t6 )] cos
t − t6 (17)
Lr Cr
t − t6
Lr Cr
(18)
t − t6
L
+ iLr1 (t6 ) r sin
Cr
Lr Cr
vCr 2 (t ) = Vin − nVo1 − [Vin − nVo1 − vCr1 (t6 )] cos
t − t6
L
+ iLr 2 (t6 ) r sin
Cr
Lr Cr
t − t6
Lr Cr
(19)
The resonant inductor current iLr1 decreases and iLr2 increases.
In circuit 1, the energy stored in resonant inductance Lr1 is
transferred to output voltage Vo2 through Cr1, Lr1, T1 and D2.
In circuit 2, the power is transferred from input terminal
voltage Vin to output voltage Vo1 through Cr2, Lr2, T2 and D3.
This mode ends at time t7 when iLm1=iLr1 and iLm2=iLr2. Then
diode currents iD2=iD3=0 and all diodes D1~D4 are off.
Mode 8 [t7≤t<t0]: This mode starts at t7 when iLm1=iLr1 and
iLm2=iLr2. Thus all rectifier diodes D1~D4 are off. Since Q2 and
Q3 are still conducting, the components Cr1, Lr1 and Lm1 in
circuit 1 are resonant. Likewise, Cr2, Lr2 and Lm2 in circuit 2
are resonant in this interval. The resonant inductor currents
and capacitor voltages during this interval are expressed as:
vCr1 (t7 )
t − t7
sin
iLr1 (t ) = −
( Lr + Lm ) / Cr
( Lr + Lm )Cr
(20)
t − t7
+ iLr1 (t7 ) cos
( Lr + Lm )Cr
iLr 2 (t ) =
Vin − vCr 2 (t7 )
( Lr + Lm ) / Cr
+ iLr 2 (t7 ) cos
sin
t − t7
( Lr + Lm )Cr
t − t7
(21)
t − t7
( Lr + Lm )C r
L + Lm
t − t7
sin
+ i Lr1 (t 7 ) r
Cr
( Lr + Lm )C r
vCr 2 (t ) = Vin − [Vin − vCr 2 (t7 )] cos
(22)
t − t7
( Lr + Lm )Cr
L + Lm
t − t7
+ iLr 2 (t7 ) r
sin
Cr
( Lr + Lm )Cr
(23)
In this mode, the resonant inductor current iLr1=iLm1 and
iLr2=iLm2. This mode ends at time t0 when switches Q2 and Q3
are turned off. Then one switching cycle is completed.
IV.
The root-mean-square (rms) value of the fundamental input
voltage and input current can be expressed as:
VQ 2, f = 2Vin /π , iLr1, f = 2 I Lr1, f sin( 2πf s t − φ)
( Lr + Lm )Cr
vCr1 (t ) = vCr1 (t 7 ) cos
(b)
Fig. 4 Each LLC converter (a) equivalent circuit (b) resonant tank with
fundamental switching frequency.
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN EXAMPLE
A. System Analysis
The output voltage of the adopted converter is controlled
with the pulse frequency modulation with 50% duty cycle for
each power switch. The fundamental harmonic analysis is
used to derive the dc voltage conversion ratio. The power
transfer from input terminal to output load through the
resonant tank is associated to the fundamental switching
frequency. Thus the harmonics of the switching frequency are
neglected in the following system analysis. Fig. 4(a) shows
the equivalent circuit for each converter module. Since the
duty cycle of switches Q1 and Q2 is 0.5, the input voltage to
the resonant tank vQ2,ds is a square waveform between 0 and
Vin. Based on the Fourier series analysis, the input voltage
vQ2,ds can be given as:
V
2Vin
vQ 2, ds = in + ∑
sin( 2πmf s t )
(24)
2 m =1,3,5... mπ
where ILr1,f and φ are the rms value and phase shift of
fundamental input current iLr1,f. The output side of the
proposed converter is driven by a quasi-sinusoidal current. If
the inductor current iLr1>iLm1, the rectifier diode D1 is
conducting and vLm1=nVo1. If iLr1<iLm1, then vLm1=-nVo2. We
assumed that the time intervals in modes 1, 2, 5 and 6 can be
neglected, the transformer primary voltage is a quasi-square
waveform and can be expressed as:
2nVo
vLm1 = ∑
sin( 2πmf s t − θm )
(26)
m =1,3 ,5... mπ
where θm is the phase angle of m-th harmonic frequency.
The rms value of the fundamental primary voltage is derived
as vLm1, f = 2 nVo / π . Thus, the load resistance reflected to
the transformer primary side is give as:
v Lm1, f 4n 2
= 2 Ro
Rac =
(27)
iLr1, f
π
Therefore the ac resonant tank is excited by an effectively
sinusoidal input voltage VQ2,f and drives an effective resistive
road Rac. Fig. 4(b) shows the ac equivalent circuit. The input
impedance of the resonant tank is given as:
VQ 2, f ( s )
1
sLm Rac
Z in ( s ) =
=
+ sLr +
(28)
I Lr1, f ( s ) sCr
sLm + Rac
The ac voltage gain related to the switching frequency is
derived as:
sLm Rac
sLm + Rac
1
(29)
| Gac ( f ) |=|
|=
2
Z in ( s )
fr 2
f
f
[1 + k (1 − 2 )] + Q 2 ( s − r ) 2
fr fs
fs
where k=Lr/Lm, Q =
(a)
(25)
Zo
=
Rac
Lr /Cr
Rac
and f r = 1 / 2π Lr Cr .
Under no-load condition (Rac=∞), Q=0 and fs=∞, the
minimum ac voltage gain at no-load condition is derived as:
1
| Gac ( f ) | NL,f s = ∞ =
(30)
(1 + k )
Thus the proposed converter can be controlled at no load
condition if the design minimum voltage gain at maximum
input voltage meets the following condition.
Gdc, min =
2n(Vo / 2 + V f )
Vin , max
>
1
(1 + k )
(31)
where Vf is the voltage drop on rectifier diodes D1~D4.
Fig. 5 Laboratory prototype circuit of the proposed converter.
Fig. 7 Measured waveforms of gate and drain voltages at 100% load (a)
switches Q1 and Q2 (b) switches Q3 and Q4.
V.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Experimental results based on a 960W laboratory prototype
for server power supply unit were presented to verify the
effectiveness of the proposed converter. The circuit
parameters of the laboratory prototype with 960W rated
power are derived in this section and shown in Fig. 5. The
front stage of the proposed converter is a PFC boost converter
to supply the stable 390V input terminal voltage. Fig. 6 shows
the measured gate voltages of four power switches in the
proposed converter. Fig. 7 shows the gate voltages and drain
voltages of Q1~Q4 at full load condition (Po=960W). It is
clear that the drain voltage has been decreased to zero before
the gate voltage is high. Thus the ZVS turn-on of switches is
realized and the switching losses on power switches can be
reduced. Fig. 8 shows the gate voltage, drain voltage and
switch current of switch Q1 at 100% of full load conditions.
Fig. 9 shows the measured waveforms vQ1,gs, vCr1, iLr1, vCr2 and
iLr2 at 100% of full load conditions.
Fig. 6 Measured gate voltages of switches Q1~Q4 at light load.
10V 200V
vQ1,ds
Fig. 8 Measured waveforms of gate voltage, drain voltage and switch current
of switch Q1 at 100% load (Po=960W).
10V
vQ1,gs
10V
vQ2,gs
10A 400V
200V
vQ2,ds
400V
2 s/div
10A
(a)
vQ3,ds
vQ3,gs
Fig. 9 Measured waveforms of gate voltage vQ1,gs, resonant capacitor voltages
and resonant inductor currents at 100% load (Po=960W).
vQ4,ds
vQ4,gs
2 s/div
(b)
Fig. 10 illustrates the measured waveforms of gate voltage
vQ1,gs and diode currents iD1~iD4 at 100% of full loads. The
measured gate voltage vQ1,gs and output capacitor voltages Vo1
and Vo2 at 100% of full load are shown in Fig. 11. Fig. 12
illustrates the measured results of vQ1,gs, iD1+iD3, iD2+iD4 and io
at full load. We can observe that two resultant currents iD1+iD3,
iD2+iD4 before output capacitors are balanced.
secondary winding in the conventional center-tapped rectifier
and the voltage stress of output diode is clamped to output
terminal voltage instead of two times of output voltage in the
conventional center-tapped rectifier. The fundamental
harmonic analysis method is adopted to derive the voltage
conversion ratio. The proposed converter can also regulate
output voltage at no-load condition with the properly voltage
gain design. The design procedure and design example are
provided to obtain the component parameters of the proposed
converter. Finally experiments based on a 960W prototype
are provided to verify the effectiveness of the converter.
Fig. 10 Measured waveforms of gate voltage vQ1,gs and secondary diode
currents iD1~iD4 at 100% load (Po=960W).
Fig. 11 Measured waveforms of gate voltage and output capacitor voltages at
at 100% load (Po=960W).
Fig. 12 Measured waveforms of gate voltage, resultant diode currents before
output capacitors and load current at 100% load.
VI.
CONCLUSION
This paper presents a parallel LLC converter to share the
load current and reduce the ripple current on the input side.
Based on the designed high voltage gain, the switching
frequency is less than the series resonant frequency at full
load. Thus the power switches are turned on at ZVS and
rectifier diodes are turned off at ZCS. The switching loss on
power switches is reduced and reverse recovery current on
rectifier diodes is eliminated. The output voltage doubler
topology is used in the secondary side to reduce the
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