Download Developing Off-season Production Technique for Rambutan

Developing Off-season Production
Technique for Rambutan
By
Roedhy Poerwanto
Center for Tropical Fruits Studies
Bogor Agricultural University
Indonesia
8/21/2009
1
Introduction
 As a tropical country, Indonesia is rich in
fruits of several species, one of which is
rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.).
 Rambutan is one of Indonesian’s native fruit
trees.
 In Indonesia, rambutan is categorized into
primary fruit and it comes around 3.5% of
total fruit production.
 Its short selflife has been a constraint in its
distribution. As a result, export of the fruit is
very limited and can only be done by air.
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100.000
800.000
90.000
700.000
80.000
Production (ton)
900.000
70.000
600.000
60.000
500.000
50.000
400.000
40.000
300.000
30.000
200.000
20.000
100.000
10.000
-
Harvesting Area (Ha)
Rambutan Production and Harvesting Area
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Production (ton)
Years
Harvesting Area (Ha)
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Rambutan Producing Areas
Borneo :
South Borneo
(Banjarmasin)
Borneo
Sumatra
Celebes
Celebes :
N. Celebes,
C. Celebes,
S. Celebes
Java
Sumatra:
Aceh, N. Sumatra, W. Sumatra,
Riau, Jambi, Lampung
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Java :
DKI Jakarta, W. Java,
C. Java, E. Java
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Indonesian Variety of Rambutan
Varieties
Characteristics of fruit
Productivity
(kg/tree)
Rapiah
Very sweet with good aroma, hair is
coarse with yellow colour, fruit is small,
low productivity,
18-30
Lebak Bulus
Combine of sweet & sour, juice, hair is
dense with red colour, fruit size medium,
high productivity
50-100
Binjai
Sweet & dry with a bit of sour, skin bright
to dark red the hair is not so dense, fruit
size medium and relatively productive
40-70
Garuda
Sweet, fruit size is very big, red hair with
yellow tip, high productivity
200-270
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Rambutan Variety
Lebak Bulus
Garuda
Binjai
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Rapiah
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OFF-SEASON PRODUCTION
 Either at tropical or temperate region the fruit production
is seasonal.
 At peak season oversupply of fruits always happen and at
off-season there is no supply at all.
 This condition is not economically interesting because it
cause sharp fluctuation of fruit price.
 Prolonging the fruiting season, which earlier the
beginning of the season and delaying the end of season
could benefit farmers and consumers.
 The orchard can be managed to flower at difference time,
or it is not all trees produce flower and fruit at the same
time.
 This can be achieved by improvement of off-season fruit
production technology.
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Growing
cycle ofOff-season
satsuma mandarin
in Japanin Japan
Satsuma
Production
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Natural condition
Very early cv
Early cv.
Late cv.
Off-season cropping
Early forcing
Late forcing
Very early cv. : Miyamoto, Ueno, Yamakawa
Early cv.
: Miyagawa, Okitsu
Late cv.
: Aoshima, Hayashi, Sugiyama, Otsu No.4,
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FLOWERING REGULATION OF TROPICAL FRUITS
 One of the critical points on fruit production is the induction and
development of flowers.
 From several experiments on tropical fruit trees, it was found
that flowering induction need suppression of vegetative growth.
 The suppression of vegetative growth occurred because the
trees were exposed to drought stress.
 Drought stress in the dry season is the main factor for flower
induction.
 In almost all tropical fruit trees, the induction of flowering occurs
during the dry season and the flowers emerge at the beginning
of the rainy season, with fruit harvested 3-6 months later.
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Drought Stress
 Main factors for flower induction of tropical fruit trees:
☺Mangoes: 3 dry months
☺Citrus: 1-2 dry months
☺Rambutan:
♪ Binjani & Garuda: 2 weeks of draught stress
♪ Rapiah, Lebak Bulus: 1 month of drought stress
 The buds will differentiate to form flowers after the trees
experience the water stress.
 To produce numerous and good flowers, trees need a
favorable environment for growth and development of
flowers after induction of the flowers in dry season.
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FLOWERING REGULATION OF TROPICAL FRUITS
 It is difficult to obtain soil conditions dry enough to
induce flowering during the rainy season.
 There are several ways that can be used for flower
forcing of fruit trees, including: manipulation of air
and soil temperature, water stress, girdling, and
application of plant growth regulators.
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FLOWERING REGULATION OF TROPICAL FRUITS
 Induction of flowering on citrus and other fruit trees
depends on decreasing in gibberellins activity.
 Flower formation of several tropical fruit trees can be
inhibited with applications of gibberellins.
 Gibberellins activity on citrus leaves of inducted
branches were lower than non-inducted branches.
 Application of gibberellins has been shown to inhibit
flowering
 Therefore, application of anti-gibberellins can be
expected to force the tree into flowering.
 Paclobutrazol, a substance that inhibits gibberellins
biosynthesis, induced flowering in several tropical
fruit trees.
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PACLOBUTRAZOL
Poerwanto et al. (2008) developed:
☺ the technology to manipulate mangoes,
mangosteen, citrus, durian to flower and
produce fruit off-season using a combination of
paclobutrazol and KNO3 application.
☺ However, this technology was not effective for
rambutan
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Ringing On Year
Healthy Rambutan Trees
subjected to be treated
Ringing by discarding bark in the
trunk on:
April 22,
May 6,
May 20,
June 3,
June 17
One month after ringing, the wound has recovered,
the tress sprayed with 30 g/l KNO3 on:
1 month after ringing
2 month after ringing
3 month after ringing
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Effects of Ringing and KNO3 Spraying on Rambutan Flowering &
Fruit Production
Treatments
Flowering Time
(DAT)
Flowering Date Inflorescences
per tree
Check
176.23
9 OCK
Time of Ringing
No Ringing
107.56 a
8 AUG
22-Apr
52.00 b
13-Jun
6 May
50.67 b
26-Jun
20 May
54.33 b
13-Jul
3 June
50.78 b
24-Jul
17 June
40.22 c
28-Jul
Time of KNO3 Spraying (month after ringing):
No KNO3
1 month
51.28
2 months
64.67
3 months
71.33
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Flowers per
Inflorescence
Production
(kg)
183.67
404.47
7.97
202.00
207.28
228.33
197.22
233.00
215.44
441.49
477.73
424.36
475.31
507.84
481.32
10.22 ab
5.84 b
11.97 a
8.32 ab
5.28 b
8.23 ab
204.00
214.50
203.44
223.69
414.4
452.29
480.93
470.81
7.97 a
8.11 a
7.17 a
9.77 a
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Ringing Off Year
Treatment:
•Control
•Ringing
•Ringing followed by spraying KNO3
 Month of Ringing
☺April 2000
☺May 2000
☺June 2000
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Effects of Ringing and KNO3 Spraying on Flowering of
Rambutan in Off-Year
Treatments
Ringing on April:
Control
Ringing
Ringing + KNO3
Ringing May:
Control
Ringing
Ringing + KNO3
Ringing June:
Control
Ringing
Ringing + KNO3
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Flowering Date
Flowering Time Inflorescence
(DAT)
per tree
Production (kg)
25/9 (2 trees)*
18/7- 23/8
11 – 23 /7
151
99
77
2
112
229
0
5.74
11.45
28/9(2 trees)*
9/8– 4 /9
3 – 23 /8
124
84
71
4
133
84
0
7.12
4.34
20 /9(1 trees)*
6/8 – 14/9
16/8– 14 /9
86
78
71
4
72
163
0
3.86
8.15
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Rining in On-year & Off-year
 No Ringing in ‘on-year’
☺No Ringing in ‘off-year’
☺Ringing in ‘off-year’
 Ringing in on-year:
The trees were sprayed with KNO3 one
month after ringing treatment
☺No Ringing in ‘off-year’
☺Ringing in ‘off-year’
Observation on Off-Year:
- number and length of shoot, number of
inflorescences, number of flowers, fruit set and fruit
production
- starch content (leaves, bark of branch, small root)
- nitrogen content (leaves)
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Effect of Ringing in Flowering and Fruiting of Rambutan at Off-Year
Treatment
Days to
No. of
No of Fruits No. of Fruit/
Flowering Inflorescences
Bunch
Bunch
Number of
Fruits/tree
No Ringing in On-Year
· No Ringing in
Off-Year
· Ringing in OffYear
109 b
203
84
4.3 b
364 a
86 a
377
190
9.2 b
1713 c
113 b
318
116
7.2 b
906 bc
92 a
153
101
8.9 b
896 b
Ringing in On-Year
· No Ringing in
Off-Year
· Ringing in OffYear
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Figure 1. Starch fluctuation in the leaf of Rambutan Binjai
50
45
40
% Starch
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
No Ringing in 2000 and 1999
No Ringing in 2000 and Ringing in 1999
Ringing in 2000 and No Ringing in 1999
Ringing in 2000 and 1999
0
-1 WAR
1 WAR
2 WAR
3 WAR
4 WAR
8 WAR
12 WAR
35 WAR
Time of Sampling
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Figure 2. Nitrogen fluctuation in the leaf of Rambutan Binjai
3.5
% Nitrogen
3
2.5
2
No Ringing in 2000 and 1999
No Ringing in 2000 and Ringing in 1999
1.5
1
-1 WAR
Ringing in 2000 and No Ringing in 1999
Ringing in 2000 and 1999
1 WAR
2 WAR
3 WAR
4 WAR
8 WAR
12 WAR
35 WAR
Time of Sampling
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Figure 3. C/N Ratio in the leaf of Rambutan Binjai
25
C/N Ratio
20
15
10
No Ringing in 2000 and 1999
No Ringing in 2000 and Ringing in 1999
Ringing in 2000 and No Ringing in 1999
Ringing in 2000 and 1999
5
0
-1 WAR
1 WAR
2 WAR
3 WAR
4 WAR
8 WAR
12 WAR
35 WAR
Time of Sampling
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How ringing induce flowering?
Inhibition of photosynthate translocation from shoot to
the roots:
☺increasing of C/N ratio in the shoots.
☺roots lack of energy to do their activities:
♪ the capacity and the ability of roots decreases
significantly in:
 absorbing water,
 absorbing mineral nutrition,
 synthesizing of growth hormone.
♪ Low rate of mineral nutrition absorption, especially
nitrogen  increase C/N ratio in the shoots
♪ Less water absorption will results in physiological water
stress in the plants.
♪ Decrease synthesis of hormone including gibberellins.
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THE ROLE OF KNO3
Accelerate the emergence of Rambutan flowers:
☺Flowers sprouted 2 months earliear (August vs October)
☺ dormancy breaking substances,  to break the dormant
bud, especially generative buds in deciduous trees
☺ K+:
♪
increasing translocation of sucrose from leaves to
buds,
♪
in the increase of sucrose synthesis,
♪
increase in sucrose transportation rate in apoplast of
leaves mesophyl,
♪
increase sucrose content in phloem,
♪
direct impact of the increase of osmose pressure
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PRECAUTIONS USING THIS TECHNIQUE
 Must be mature trees; at least they have produce fruits for 2-3
times.
 The bark discard from the trunk must be less than 2 cm, as the
wound completely recover after up to 2 years. The wider the
bark discard, the late the wound recover.
 The wound must be covered with black plastic tape soon after
ringing to assure the callus grows without any obstructions.
 The trees must be sprayed with 30-40 g/l KNO­3 at one month
after ringing, to force the flower buds to spout. Foliar spray
with KNO­3 in concentration more than 40 g/l cause the leaves
drop.
 Several trees decease after producing off-season fruits at the
second year ringed. Thus the treatment may be done only one
time in two years (after the wound completely recover).
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Thank You
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HOW RINGING INDUCED OFF-SEASON FLOWERING IN
RAMBUTAN?
 Ringing affected the starch reserve in the top and roots of the
trees.
 It inhibits translocation of photosynthate from shoot to the
roots so that carbohydrate accumulates in the shoots.
 In the trees that got ringing, the starch content in the leaves
and the bark of the twigs was higher while that in the roots was
lower.
 Trees that got ringing have higher starch content in their leaves
and twigs than those getting no ringing.
 The increase of starch content in the leaves caused the C/N
ratio to be higher when the trees were induced to flower. C/N
ratio of the leaves went up 44-70% higher in a week after
ringing and 24% higher when the trees were induced to flower.
A high ratio of C/N in shoots is important in flowering.
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HOW RINGING INDUCED OFF-SEASON FLOWERING IN
RAMBUTAN?
 It seems that in Rambutan trees, accumulation of
carbohydrate in the shoots is needed for flower
induction.
 The flower induction in ‘Binjai’ rambutan was
affected by the increase of carbohydrate content in
the top.
 The regression value between number of
inflorescences and the starch content in the leaves
was 98.4% (very significant) and between numbers
of inflorescences with the starch content in the twig
bark was 97.8%. As there was more starch content in
the top, the trees flower faster.
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HOW RINGING INDUCED OFF-SEASON FLOWERING IN
RAMBUTAN?
 When the first flowers appear, the starch content in
the leaves and the bark decreased.
 The content in the twig bark was 5-9% lower
compared with that in Week 3 while that in the leaves
decreased as much as 21% compared with that in
Week 8.
 This happened because the starch was hydrolyzed
and sent to meristem for flower induction.
 This indicated that there was a conversion of starch
into soluble sugar and it moved to meristem where
flowers are induced.
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HOW RINGING INDUCED OFF-SEASON FLOWERING IN
RAMBUTAN?
 Inhibition in translocation of carbohydrate to the
roots will make them lack of energy to do their
activity.
 The flowering time was not only affected by the
starch accumulation in the top and C/N ratio, but
also by decreasing starch content in the roots.
 The starch content in the roots of the trees that got
ringing treatment was lower than those that did not,
and the trees flowered earlier.
 The regression result indicated that the starch
content in the root with the flowering time had the
value of 99.6% (very significant).
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HOW RINGING INDUCED OFF-SEASON FLOWERING IN
RAMBUTAN?
 As a result, the function of roots in absorbing water,
mineral nutrition, and synthesizing of growth
hormone decreases.
 Low absorption of mineral nutrition, especially
nitrogen due to ringing will also increase C/N ratio in
the shoots of the trees.
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HOW RINGING INDUCED OFF-SEASON FLOWERING IN
RAMBUTAN?
 Less water absorption will results in physiological
water stress in the plants.
 From the previous research it is identified that water
stress will induce flowers of several fruit trees.
 Water stress will hydrolyze starch and protein to be
a simpler form to be used by plants to induce
flowers.
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HOW RINGING INDUCED OFF-SEASON FLOWERING IN
RAMBUTAN?
 A decrease in the starch accumulation in the root
due to ringing was predicted to cause a decrease in
the ability of roots synthesize hormone including
gibberellins.
 Imbalance of the hormone in the root affected
gibberellins distribution to top part of the tree.
 The flower induction in rambutan supposes need a
decrease of gibberellins in the top of the tree. The
result of our previous research indicates that GA3
content of rambutan leaves was at a minimum level
during the dormant phase before flowering
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THE ROLE OF KNO3
 Application of KNO3 accelerate the emergence of Rambutan
flowers.
 The trees that were not given any treatment at all produced
flowers in early October, while tress that were not treated with
ringing but sprayed with KNO3 flowered in early August.
 Spraying of KNO3 one month after ringing led the trees
produced flowers earliest.
 Hence, without being sprayed with KNO3, the plants given
ringing can produced flowers, but when they are sprayed one
month after ringing, flowers will emergence 20 days earlier.
 The spraying of KNO3 does not have any effects on the number
of inflorescences, number of flowers per inflorescence and the
size of inflorescence.
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THE ROLE OF KNO3
 KNO3, a dormancy breaking substances, is applied
to break the dormant Rambutan bud.
 Potassium Nitrate turns to have the ability of
breaking dormant buds, especially generative buds
in deciduous trees
 KNO3 is able to break dormant bud of mango trees.
 The results of previous experiment with mangoes
also indicate that KNO3 can break the dormant
flower buds that as a results of paclobutrazol
treatment.
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THE ROLE OF KNO3
The ability of KNO3 in breaking dormancy
might be related to the role of ion K+ in:
☺ increasing translocation of sucrose from leaves
to buds,
☺ in the increase of sucrose synthesis,
☺ increase in sucrose transportation rate in
apoplast of leaves mesophyl,
☺ increase sucrose content in phloem,
☺ direct impact of the increase of osmose
pressure
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Paclobutrazol
 Paclobutrazol, apply to the
roots by soil drenching, or to
leaves or buds, able to
induce off-season flowering
of mango and mangosteen.
 The ability of paclobutrazol
to induce off-season
flowering is based on its
effect on inhibiting
gibberellins biosynthesis.
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Application Method of Paclobutrazol
 Paclobutrazol usually apply
through soil drenching
 However on mango foliar
spray is also effective as
well.
 Application by foliar spray
could be the choice of
technique since it has no
residual effect, while soil
drenching application will
have residual effect for more
than 2 years
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Mango
 As other fruits, In Indonesia, flower induction of
mango is occurred on dry season.
 However, not like other fruit trees, the mango need
2-3 months drought to flower, and flower will
develop even though the rainy season is not started
yet.
 Induction of off-season flowering of mango is
relatively easy.
 Soil-drench application of paclobutrazol followed by
foliar spray of KNO3 is effective for flower forcing of
mango.
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Mangosteen
 Mangosteen flower is induced by drought stress at dry season,
and the flowers develop and differentiate soon after the
beginning of rainy season.
 Mangosteen tree can be induced for earlier flowering by using
drought stress or application of paclobutrazol that inhibit
gibberellins biosynthesis.
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Durian
 Naturally durian trees are only induced to flower by dry season
and the flower develops at the beginning of rainy season.
 The second period of flowering is happen at the middle of rainy
season if at the first period flower has not developed into fruit.
 Application of paclobutrazol for flower induction is less
successful for durian.
☺ Paclobutrazol is only effective if applied during dry season while
in nature the induction is also happen at dry season.
☺ to be effective to force durian to flower, the application of
paclobutrazol need to be accompanied by several weeks of
drought.
☺ While without paclobutrazol, drought season is already a good
stress to induce flowering on durian.
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FLOWERING REGULATION OF TROPICAL FRUITS
 There are several ways that can be used for flower
forcing of fruit trees, including: manipulation of air
and soil temperature, water stress, girdling, and
application of plant growth regulators.
 Paclobutrazol, applied to the roots by soil drenching,
or to leaves or buds, was able to induce off-season
flowering of mangoes and mangosteen.
 The ability of paclobutrazol to induce off-season
flowering was based on its effect on inhibiting
gibberellins biosynthesis.
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Rambutan
 Earlier experimental results:
☺
☺
the application of paclobutrazol + by dormancy breaking
substance  mango, mangosteen, durian, and citrus
trees flower in off-season.
However, the same treatment given to rambutan trees
has not indicated any satisfactory results.
 Therefore, another treatment to induce rambutan
flowers in off-season has been conducted by
applying ringing technique
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