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VOLCANO STATIONS ANSWERS Station 1 1. A volcano is a place where magma reaches the surface due to its lower density 2. A volcano is a “window” into the earth’s interior They allow us to study material that comes from deep within the crust and possibly from parts of the mantle. Station 1continued 3. The types of forces involved are both constructive and destructive 4. Station 2 5. Explosive volcanoes violently blows up. Examples include volcanoes along the ring of fire and take place at subduction zones Mt. Redoubt, Alaska (1990) Mt. St. Helens (1980) Pinatubo (1991) Station 2 continued 6. High water and silica content can make magma explosive High Water Content ◦ water deep within the earth is under a lot of pressure so it stays dissolved in magma ◦ When the magma move up quickly, pressure decreases and the water turns to gas ◦ As pressure decreases, the gas expands and explodes ◦ Explosive volcanoes occur along subduction zones where ocean water also becomes subducted with the plate. High Silica Content ◦ Silica-rich magma is stiff ◦ It hardens at the vents clogging them ◦ Pressure increases at the vent trapping gas until it explodes Station 2 continued 7. (also called cinders) Section 2 continued 8. Pyroclastic flows are dangerous because they can travel at over 200 km/hr and temperatures can be greater than 700 degrees Celsius! They also give off Poisonous gas Section 3 9. Non-explosive volcanoes have lava flows that are relatively calm ◦ examples include Hawaii and Mid-Atlantic Ridge Volcanoes Section 3 continued 10. High Viscosity/Slow Flowing Lava 11. Low Viscosity/Fast Lava Flow Identify the volcanoes pictured below as either explosive or nonexplosive? (B) Kilauea eruption NON-EXPLOSIVE (D) Mayon Volcano, Philippines (A) Aleutian Island Volcano EXPLOSIVE EXPLOSIVE (C) Eruption along midocean ridge NON-EXPLOSIVE Section 4 12. Shield Volcano ◦ Layers of lava form repeated non-explosive eruptions build up ◦ Lava is runny creating a volcano with gently sloping sides ◦ Hawaii’s Mauna Kea volcano is the tallest mountain on earth if you measure it from the sea floor to the top (taller than Everest) Section 4 continued 13. Cinder Cone Volcano ◦ Moderately explosive pyroclastic material but it is not cemented together (erodes quickly) ◦ Small but steep slopes ◦ Example: Mexico’s Paricutin volcano Section 4 continued 14. Composite Volcano ◦ Also known as Stratovolcanoes ◦ Most common type ◦ Alternate explosive eruption followed by quiet lava flows ◦ The combination of both types of eruptions produce layers of pyroclastic material and lava ◦ Broad base and steep at the top ◦ Example: Japan’s Mount Fugi Identify the pictures below as one of the THREE types of volcanoes. (A) Mount Fuji, Japan – STRATOVOLCANO (B) Sunset Crater, Arizona – CINDER CONE (C) Iceland volcano – SHIELD VOLCANO Section 5 15. As pressure increases, higher temperatures are needed to melt the rock 16. Pressure from the weight of the rock above the mantle squeeze the rocks; molecules can’t move around so the rocks cannot melt 17. Temperature generally stays the same at the top of the mantle but as the pressure decreases, the rocks can melt and become magma Section 6 18. ◦ There is a large scale eruption ◦ Volcanic ash and sulfur-rich gases spread through the atmosphere ◦ Less sunlight reaches the earth ◦ The average global temperature drops ◦ The earth experiences longer, harsher, winters and wetter, milder summers ◦ Worldwide food shortages occur because of widespread crop failures 19. The nickname associated with the 1815 eruption of Tambora was “The Year Without a Summer”. It was so named because volcanic ash and gases blocked out the sun and it was much colder 20. Ash from Mount Pinatubo blocked out the sun in the Philippines and changed the global temperature by 0.5 degrees Celcius