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GENOMICS the study of the whole genome GENOME STATISTICS 2% Protein Coding Genes 98% “JUNK” DNA PROTEIN CODING seNONSENSEnse exINTRONSons SPLICING INTRONS Protein coding Genes EXONS Non- Protein coding Genes GENOME STATISTICS 2% Protein Coding Genes 98% “JUNK” DNA 98% “JUNK” DNA 5% INTRONS 20% REGULATORY SEQUENCE - Promoters - Enhancers (400,000) 98% “JUNK” DNA RNA GENES (18, 400) -long non-coding RNA -microRNAs (RNA Interference) PSUEDOGENES (11,224) - Once Functional in our Ancestors 98% “JUNK” DNA 50% - REPETITIVE DNA - Retrotransposons ( descendants of retrovirus – reduced to little genetic parasites) CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY “Information and thereby chemical product flow from DNA to RNA to Protein.” T R A N S C R I P T I O N R E P L I C A T I O N DNA T R A N S L A T I O N RNA PROTEIN GENETIC CODE The complete description of the amino acids specified by various base triplets. START CODON | AUG (Methionine, MET) STOP CODON | UAA,UAG, UGA TRY TO TRANSCRIBE … DNA STRAND AGA – CGT – TGA – CAA – CGG RNA STRAND UCU – GCA – ACU – GUU – GCC AMINO ACID SEQUENCE: Ser – Ala – Thr – Val - Ala TRY TO TRANSCRIBE … DNA STRAND GGA – GTA – ATG – CGA – TAC TCC – ATA - TAT – CAC – TGA TGA – AAA – TAG – TCC – ACC GAC – CAT – CCT – TTA - CGC