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Later Mesopotamian Empires Vocabulary • Empire – a group of states under one ruler • Culture – way of life • Reform – Improvement • Surplus – extra products or money • Reign – period of power I. Introduction • Power of Sumer faded and other empires began to move in II. Sargon I • Ruler of Akkad conquered many of the Sumerian Cities • He united the two cities creating the worlds first empire • The Akkadian language was the language of the people • Sumerian language was used only in religion, and they worshiped the Sumerian Gods II. Sargon I • They wrote Akkadian Language in Sumerian Cuneiform • Sargon ruled for 50 years and when he passed away the empire fell III. Hammurabi of Babylon • The Amorites entered into Mesopotamia under the leadership of Hammurabi • The major Amorites major city was Babylon • Borrowed many parts of the Sumerian culture – For example worshiped Sumerian Gods but gave them Babylonian names III. Hammurabi of Babylon • Hammurabi – Extended Babylonian Empire to the Mediterranean Sea – Improved irrigation and canals – Made Babylonian God the most important god in Babylon (this united the people more closely together) – Reorganized tax system – Created public housing III. Hammurabi of Babylon • The Code of Hammurabi – Created to unite the city-states of Babylon – Took the best laws from all city-states and created a united set of laws – Appointed royal judges to oversee the code, judges had to be fair and honest of risk harsh punishments III. Hammurabi of Babylon – People were innocent until proven guilty – Laws covered everything in daily life, and punishments ranged from fines to death – Members of the upper class were punished more harshly than members of the lower and middle class III. Hammurabi of Babylon • Under Hammurabi Babylon became a strong trade center • They would sell their surplus to gain gold and silver • Hammurabi’s rule was known as the “Golden Age of Babylon” • After his death Babylon’s power declined and eventually the empire broke apart If any one bring an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if it be a capital offense charged, be put to death. 22. If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death. 23. If the robber is not caught, then shall he who was robbed claim under oath the amount of his loss; then shall the community, and . . . on whose ground and territory and in whose domain it was compensate him for the goods stolen. 53. If any one be too lazy to keep his dam in proper condition, and does not so keep it; if then the dam break and all the fields be flooded, then shall he in whose dam the break occurred be sold for money, and the money shall replace the corn which he has caused to be ruined. 54. If he be not able to replace the corn, then he and his possessions shall be divided among the farmers whose corn he has flooded. 55. If any one open his ditches to water his crop, but is careless, and the water flood the field of his neighbor, then he shall pay his neighbor corn for his loss. 195. If a son strike his father, his hands shall be hewn off. 196. If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out. 197. If he break another man's bone, his bone shall be broken. 200. If a man knock out the teeth of his equal, his teeth shall be knocked out. IV. Contributions • “Cradle of Civilization” • Earliest known written records are Sumerian • First Written Laws • Invented the wheel and the plow to make transportation and farming easier • The sailboat replaced rowing power IV. Contributions • Developed a 12 month calendar based on the moon, used for planting and holidays • Number system based on 60, still used today in measuring time and circles • Developed a clock that used water droplets