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FERNS, GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS FERNS • Leaves referred to as fronds • Fronds emerge tightly coiled • Croziers or fiddleheads • Main stem with “leaflets” • Pinnae FERNS • Rust-colored spots on lower leaf surface • Sori • Packets of spores • One beech fern can produce 50 million spores FERNS • Adapted to shady, wet locations • Rock crevices • Moist soil GYMNOSPERMS • Gymnos • Naked • Sperma • Seed • Seeds develop on a surface rather than inside a fruit GYMNOSPERMS • Conifers • Cone-bearing • Heavy resin production • Turpentine • Paint solvent • Rosin • Athletic hand drier • When conifer bleeds, turpentine evaporates quickly • Rosin acts as a gummy protective layer GYMNOSPERMS Conifers • Pines • Needlelike foliage clustered in bundles • Fascicle • 2 to 5 needles per fascicle GYMNOSPERMS Conifers • Pines • Fascicles drop within 2 to 5 years • Bristlecone pine fascicles last 30 years • Oldest living tree GYMNOSPERMS Conifers • Tolerate cold weather • Frozen topsoil • High winds • Hypodermis • Layer of thick-walled cells beneath the epidermis • Tolerant of extreme cold • Resists insects and disease • Bark extremely thick • As much as 3” GYMNOSPERMS Conifers • Pines • Contain no fiber tissue • Softwood • Broadleaf trees contain fibers • Hardwood GYMNOSPERMS Conifers • Pines • Wide growth rings • Rapid growth rate in spring GYMNOSPERMS Conifers • Pines • Symbiotic relationship with ectomycorrhizal fungi • Seedlings grow poorly in sterile soil • Until inoculated with mycorrhizae • Mycorrhizae interweaves root systems in a forest GYMNOSPERMS Conifers • Pines • Pollen cones on tips of lower branches • 50 cones in a cluster • Each cone can produce 1 million pollen grains GYMNOSPERMS Conifers • Pines • Seed cones on upper branches • Require 2 seasons to mature • After pollination, scales close to protect developing embryo • Open a year later • Seeds have papery wings • Squirrels and other animals disperse • Some species stay closed until seared with fire GYMNOSPERMS Conifers • Non-cone bearing conifers • Fleshy berry-like seeds • Yews (Taxus) produce fleshy cap partially covering seed • False yews (Podocarpus) • Junipers GYMNOSPERMS Ginkgo • Very few insects and diseases affect ginkgo • Flesh around large nut-like seed • Smells like vomit • Seed a delicacy in China GYMNOSPERMS Cycads • Sago palm ANGIOSPERMS • Angeion • Vessel • Sperma • Seed ANGIOSPERMS Parasitic plants • Take food and water from host • Dodder • Mistletoe ANGIOSPERMS Epiphytes • Use host for structural support • Feed on decomposing organic matter • Orchid • Spanish moss ANGIOSPERMS • Pollination • Transfer of pollen grain (n) to stigma • n = 1 set of chromosomes • Pollen tube grows down to the ovule (n) • Located in ovary • Corn is a 20” trip ANGIOSPERMS • Fertilization • Pollen tube delivers sperm • Union of sperm and ovule • Happens days, weeks, or months after pollination • Zygote (2n) ANGIOSPERMS Double fertilization • Endosperm develops in addition to zygote • Nutritive tissue • Food until PS begins • Monocots • Corn • Very noticeable • Dicots • Legume (beans, etc) • Visually insignificant ANGIOSPERMS Asexual reproduction • Parthenocarpic • Seeds in ovary develop from 2n nutritive cell • No union of sperm and ovule • Seedless fruit develops • Bananas • Naval oranges ANGIOSPERMS Complete flower • Calyx • Corolla • Stamens • Pistil Incomplete flower • Any part is missing ANGIOSPERMS Perfect flower • Stamens and pistil Imperfect flower • Stamens (male) or pistil (female) ANGIOSPERMS Monoecious • Male and female flowers on same plant • “One house” ANGIOSPERMS Dioecious • Male and female flowers on different plant • Male flower plants called pollinators • Wax myrtle • Blueberries • Fruit trees ANGIOSPERMS Pollinators • Bees harvest nectar for food • Pollen to feed larvae • Mostly blue or yellow flowers • Fragrant flowers ANGIOSPERMS Pollinators • Beetles • Poor visual sense • Attracted to aromatic flowers ANGIOSPERMS Pollinators • Moths and butterflies • Aromatic flowers ANGIOSPERMS Pollinators • Birds • Hummingbirds • Yellow or red ANGIOSPERMS Pollinators • Flies and gnats • Rancid aromatic flowers • Rotten meat • Carrion flowers ANGIOSPERMS Orchids • Very diverse • 25,000 species • Specialized pollination methods • Bee orchid example • Mating pheromone attracts male suitor • Searches flower and finds no female • Pissed off suitor flies to another flower far away • Ensures gene mixing • New species likely
