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Indo-European Migrations: 4m2m BCE The Middle East: “The Crossroads of Three Continents” The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization” Sumerian Religion Polytheistic Enki Innana Anthropomorphic Gods • Settled in Mesopotamia in 3500 B.C. • Built the world’s first cities (Ur, Uruk, Eridu) • Built ziggurats – temples in each citystate – only priests could enter the temples • Government: each city was independent – – – – A military leader was chosen to lead/protect 2700: military leaders were viewed as kings Leaders served as king and high priest The legal systems were not clear or consistent • Roles of Men and Women – Men had ultimate authority over families – Women possessed very few rights (buy/sell prop.) • Writing System – Cuneiform: pictograms on wet clay – Gilgamesh was written @ 1850 B.C. • Religion: each god was over a natural force – The gods were viewed as unpredictable/angry • Inventions: – The wheel, 12 mo. Calendar, arch, and sundial – Developed bronze and metal plow Mesopotamian Trade “The Cuneiform World” Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing Deciphering Cuneiform Gilgamesh Ziggurat at Ur Temple “Mountain of the Gods” Sophisticated Metallurgy Skills at Ur Sargon of Akkad: The World’s First Empire Came to power in the 2300s B.C. United the Mesopotamian city-states The Babylonian Empires • Hammurabi’s Babylonian Empire – Amorites overran Sumerian centers (Babylon) – Hammurabi became the dominant ruler – Law Code: “Made Justice Appear in the Land” • Law covered the entire region • 282 sections on Daily Life • Clear punishment for crimes • Babylonian Society – Upper Class: Kings, priests, nobles – Middle Class: artisans, merchants, scribes, farmers – Lower Class: slaves (from war/had not paid debts) – Borrowed ideas and techniques from Sumerians • Writing system, farming techniques, & religion Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750 B. C. E.] Code Hittite Empire Hattusas: Capital of the Hittites Hittite Chariots & Warriors A Balance of Power: 1200 B. C. E. The Battle of Kadesh Ramses II at Kadesh Treaty of Kadesh Phoenician Sea Routes • The Phoenicians: Settled in Canaan – Known as Palestine, “land of the Philistines” – Controlled the trade in the Med. Sea – Used an alphabet to keep track of records – Set up colonies and trading posts Phoenician Alphabet Carthage: Phoenicia’s Mightiest Colony The Assyrian Empire • Lived in northern Mesopotamia • Most lethal and ruthless military in the Middle East – Organized the military into different groups – Fought with iron weapons • 650 BC: had created Empire (capital – Nineveh) – Divided the empire into provinces – Built a sophisticated system of roads • 612 B.C. – the Chaldeans defeated the Assyrians Jewish Captives: c 8 BCE Babylon under the Chaldeans • Descendents of Hammurabi’s Empire • Nebuchadnezzar – most powerful king – Expanded the empire to include Syria/Canaan • Studied astrology: laid foundation for astronomy • Decline after Nebuchadnezzar – weak kings + poor harvest + slow trade • 539 B.C. – Persians seized Babylon Nebuchadnezzar II’s Babylon Hanging Gardens of Babylon? Abraham’s Geneaology HAGAR ABRAHAM Ishmael 12 Arabian Tribes SARAH Isaac Jacob 12 Tribes of Israel Esau • Lived in Canaan (Abraham) • Monotheistic – Worshiped one God (Yahweh) • A divine covenant w/ Abraham • Lived as nomadic shepherds • Jacob and 12 sons – Joseph was sold into slavery – Fled to Egypt – Later enslaved Yahweh’s “Covenant” With His People The first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible. The most sacred text in the Jewish religious tradition. The Torah Moses “Prince of Egypt” “Shepherd of His People” • Moses and the Exodus from Egypt – Commemorated Passover • Settling in Canaan: Joshua led them into Canaan – Fought against the Canaanites and Philistines – Judges led the Twelve Tribes of Israel • Saul (r. 1020-1012 B.C.): first Israelite king • David (r. 1012-961 B.C.) – Defeated Goliath – Set up the capital in Jerusalem – economic prosperity • Solomon (r. 961-922 B.C.) – Built the Temple in Jerusalem – Very prosperous economically The Exodus Route of the Exodus Moses and the 10 Commandmets A new “covenant” with Yahweh Mount Sinai King David’s Empire Solomon’s Kingdom Inside the Temple Tabernacle The Arc of the Covenant The Temple Mount, Jerusalem Today Solomon’s Temple Wall: The “Wailing” Wall • Israel’s Struggle – 10 northern tribes broke away from the southern 2 – The 2 southern tribes became Judah (Jews) • Exile of Kingdoms – Assyrians and Chaldeans invaded and enslaved Israel – Exile in Babylon – prophets (Jeremiah) rose up • Rebuilding Jerusalem – 539 B.C. the Persians (Cyrus) conquered the Chaldeans – Darius allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem to rebuild – The Torah was organized (first 5 books of the O.T.) – The Diaspora (the scattering) began Kingdoms of Judah & Israel The Persians The Persian Empire Cyrus the Great A tolerant ruler he Allowed different cultures within his empire to keep their own institutions. The Greeks called him a “Law-Giver.” The Jews called him “the anointed of the Lord.” (In 537, he allowed over 40,000 to return to Palestine). 580 – 529 B. C. E. Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.) Built Persepolis. He extended the Persian Empire to the Indus River in northern India. (2 mil. s.q. mi.) Built a canal in Egypt. Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.) Established a tax-collecting system. Divided the empire into districts called SATRAPS. Built the great Royal Road system. Established a complex postal system. Created a network of spies called “the King’s eyes and ears.” Ancient Persepolis Persepolis Persian Archers & Soldiers Zarathustra [Zoroaster], 6c BCE: Good Thoughts, Good Deed, Good Words “Tree of Life” Extent of Zoroastrianism Dualistic Battle of Good vs. Evil Ahura Mazda “Holy Spirit” Ahriman “Destructive Spirit” Zend-Avesta (The “Book of Law”) The “Sacred Fire” the force to fight evil