Download bones - Miss Gleason`s Science

BONES
Osteology= study of bones
• Tissue: Connective
• Functions:
– Support
– Protect soft tissue
– Points of attachment for muscles
– House blood producing cells
– Store inorganic salts
• 206 bones
• 2 main divisions
– Axial
– Appendicular
Axial
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Head, Neck, Trunk
Skull
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs)
Sternum
APPENDICULAR
• limbs and bones connecting the limbs to the:
PECTORAL GIRDLE (scapula & clavicle), UPPER
LIMBS (arms)
PELVIC GIRDLE (coxal bones), LOWER LIMBS
(legs)
Bone Classification
• Long bones
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones
* Sesamoid bones
1. Long Bones- have long longitudinal axes ad
expanded ends
• EX: forearm, thigh bones
2. Short Bones- cube like with lengths/ widths
roughly equal
• Ex: wrist, ankles
3. Flat Bones- platelike structures with broad
surfaces
Ex: Ribs, scapulae
4. Irregular bones- variety of shapes, connected
to several bones
Ex: vertebrae, facial bones
5. Sesamoid or round bones- small and nodular
Ex: kneecap
Long Bone
• Epiphysis- expanded portion at each end of
bone, articulates (forms a joint)
• Diaphysis- shaft of bone
• Articular cartilage- layer of hyaline cartilage
– Proximal epiphysis – nearest to torso
– Distal epiphysis- end furthest from torso
• Periosteum- bone covered in a tough vascular
covering of fibrous tissue
pg 194
• Processes- bony projections for sites of
attachment
– Provide attachment sites, grooves/openings for
passageways of blood vessels and nerves
2 Bone Types
1. Compact bone (Cortical) - tightly packed
tissue, solid, strong
- Wall of diaphysis
2. Spongy Bone (cancellous) - many branching
bone plates, covered with a layer of compact
bone.
• Medullar Cavity- hollow chamber within the
diaphysis connects to spaces in spongy bone.
Filled with soft specialized tissue called bone
marrow.
• Endosteum- thin membrane containing boneforming cells lining medullar cavity
• MarrowRed Marrow - mainly in spongy bone in adults.
Produces blood cells
Yellow Marrow - fat storage. Replaces much of
the red marrow in diaphysis through
childhood
Microscopic Structures pg 196
• Bone Extracellular Matrix = collagen /
inorganic salts
• Osteocytes- located in tiny bony chambers
called lacunae
– Transport nutrients and waste
Compact Bone
• Osteon- (harversian system) cylinder unit
around central canal
– Contain blood vessels, nerve tissue, loose CT
• Central canals – extend longitudinally through
bone
• Perforating canal (Volkmann’s canals)transverse canals connect central canals
– Contain blood vessels and nerves
Spongy bone
• Cells lie within trabeculae
• Nutrients from subs.
diffusing into the
canaliculi
BONE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH
Two types of bones based on
development
• 1. INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONES = broad, flat
bones of the skull.
• form from membrane-like sheets of
connective tissue
• 2. ENDOCHONDRAL BONES =masses of
cartilage that are later replaced by bone tissue
• EX: long bones
Intramembranous Bones
• Osteoblasts appear in CT
• Bone forming cells
• Fibers appear in matrix
• Calcification occurs
– Deposits of salts in matrix
• Osteoblasts become osteocytes
Endochondral
• Skeleton in cartilage
• Bone replaces cartilage
• Ossification centers
– Areas where bone formation starts
– Blood vessels penetrate cartilage
• ALL BONES START AS HYALINE CARTILAGE,
areas gradually turn to bone
• PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft)
• SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends)
• Epiphyseal disk (growth plate) is a band of
cartilage b/w the epiphysis and diaphysis
• These areas increase bone length as the cells
ossify
• Cartilage becomes osteoblasts become
osteocytes
• RESORPTION
• OSTEOCLASTS - dissolve bone tissue to release
minerals, process is called RESORPTION
Factors Affecting Bone Growth
• Absence of Calcium
– Deforms bones
– children= rickets
– Adults= osteomalacia
• Lack/Excess of growth hormone
– Lack - Child= pituitary dwarfism
– Excess- child= pituitary gigantism
• Stress- causes bones to grow, lack of exercise
causes bone tissue to waste away
BONE FRACTURES
Axial
• Skull Cranium and facial bones
• Hyoid bone- floats, helps with swallowing/
supports tongue
• Vertebral Column
– Sacrum
– Coccyx
• Thoracic Cage- 12 pairs of ribs and sternum
Appendicular
• Pectoral girdle- scapula
– Clavicle
• Upper limbs- humerous, radius, ulna, carpals,
metacarpals, phalanges
• Pelvic girdle- coxa, pelvis
• Lower Limbs- femur, tibia(large),
fibula(slender), patella, tarsals, metatarsals,
phalanges
3 Basic Types of Joints (articulations):
1. SYNARTHROTIC – immoveable joint, such as bones in
the skull, these junctions are called SUTURES
2. AMPHIARTHOTIC – slightly moveable joint, vertebrae
3. DIARTHROTIC – freely moveable joint, such as
shoulders, hips, knees, elbows, wrists, fingers…
--these joints are enclosed within a fibrous capsule which
contains a lubricating fluid called SYNOVIAL fluid.
These are called SYNOVIAL JOINTS.
Cranium Bones
1. Frontal - anterior portion above eyes
2. Parietal – one on each side of the skull, just
behind frontal bone
3. Occipital – forms the back of the skull and base
of the cranium
4. Temporal – forms parts of the sides and base of
cranium
5. Sphenoid – wedged between several other
bones in anterior portion of the cranium
6. Ethomoid – form roof of nasal cavity
Sutures
• 1. Coronal – between frontal and parietal
bones
• 2. Lambdoidal – between occipital and
parietal bones
• 3. Squamous – between temporal and
parietal bones
• 4. Sagittal - between parietal bones
Facial Bones
immovable and 1 movable jawbone
1. Maxillary bones
2. Palatine bones
3. Zygomatic bones
4. Lacrimal bones
5. Nasal bones
6. Vomer bones
7. Inferior nasal conchae
8. mandible
Foremens
• Allow blood vessels/nerves to travel through
bone
• Supraorbital foremen
• Infraorbital foremen
• Mental foremen
Vertebral column
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26 bones
Composed of vertebrae
Intravertebral discs connected by ligaments
Protects spinal cord
Vertebrae
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Cervical = 7 bones
Thoracic = 12 bones
Lumbar= 5 bones
Sacrum=5 fused into 1 bone
Coccyx= 4 fused into 1 bone
Parts to know
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Body
Intervertebral notch
Lamina
Pedicle
Spinous process
Superior articular process
Transverse foramen
Transverse process
Sacrum
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Sacral promontory
Superior articular process
Anterior sacral foramen
Posterior sacral foramen
Sacral hiatus
Tubercle of median sacral crest
coccyx
Thoracic Cage
• Ribs = 24 or 12 pairs
• First 7 rib pairs= true ribs, joined to sternum
• Last 5 rib pairs= false ribs,
– Upper 3 pairs attached by cartilage
– Lower 2 pairs= floating ribs
• Sternum
• 3 parts
– Upper manubrium
– Body
– Xiphoid process
• Jugular notch
Pectoral Girdle
• 2 clavicles
• 2 scapulae
• Supports upper limbs and attachment for
muscles that move them
Clavicles
• Articulate with sternum and scapulae
Scapulae
– Supraspinous fossa
– Infraspinous fossa
– Acromion process
– Coracoid process
– Glenoid cavity
– Superior border
– lateral border (axillary)
– Medial border (vertebral)
Upper Limb
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Framework of arm, forearm, hand
Provide attachments for muscles
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
phalanges
Humerus
• Long bone, extends from scapulae to elbow
• Head fits in glenoid cavity of scapula
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Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular groove
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Deltoid tuberosity
Coronoid fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Capitulum
Olecranon fossa
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
Radius
• Thumb side
• Shorter than ulna
• Top is disk like
– Radial tuberosity
– Styloid process
Ulna
• Longer than radius
– Trochlear notch
– Olecranon process
– Coronoid process
– Styloid process
Hand
• Carpals (8)
• Mass of 8 bones = carpus
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Scaphoid
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Lunate
Hamate
Triquetrum
pisiform
• Metacarpals = 5 bones
• Thumb is opposable (#1)
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Phalanges- finger bones
Proximal/middle/distal phalanx
Thumb lacks middle
Fingers= 14 bones
Pelvic Girdle
• 2 coxae (hip bones)
• Pelvis- coxae, sacrum, coccyx
• Supports trunk of body, provides attachments
for lower limbs, protects organs
Coxae
• Illium, Ischium, Pubis= fuse to form
acetabulum
• Illium- largest
– Illiac crest
– Illiac fossa
– Posterior superior iliac spine
– Greater sciatic notch
– Lesser sciatic notch
• Ischium- lowest portion of coxa
– Ischial tuberosity
– Ischial spine
• Pubis- anterior portion of coxa
– Symphysis pubis
– Pubic arch
– Obturator foramen
Differences b/w male and female
Female bones are broader
Lower Limbs
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Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Foot
Femur
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Longest bone in body
Fovea capitis
Neck
greater trochanter/ lesser trochanter
Linea aspera
Lateral/medial condyles
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Gluteal tuberosity
Tibia
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Intercondylar eminence
Medial condyle/lateral condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
Fibula
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Smaller than tibia
Connects to ankle
Lateral malleolus
head
Foot
• Ankle= tarsus
• 7 bones
– Talus
– Calcaneus- largest
– Navicular
– Cuboid
– Lateral cuneiform
– Intermediate cuneiform
– Medial cuniform
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Metatarsals = 5
Phalanges- shorter than fingers
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx