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Cellular respiration Cellular respiration Occurs in mitochondria of the cells of all organisms all the time. Cellular respiration Occurs in mitochondria of the cells of all organisms all the time. It is the process in which cells break down glucose to produce ATP; heat energy is a by-product. Cellular respiration Occurs in mitochondria of the cells of all organisms all the time. It is the process in which cells break down glucose to produce ATP; heat energy is a by-product. ATP is used for: - Active transport - Synthesis of molecules (eg. Proteins from amino acids) Cellular respiration Occurs in mitochondria of the cells of all organisms all the time. It is the process in which cells break down glucose to produce ATP; heat energy is a by-product. ATP is used for: - Active transport - Synthesis of molecules (eg. Proteins from amino acids) - Movement (eg. Phagocytosis, flagella) Cellular respiration Occurs in mitochondria of the cells of all organisms all the time. It is the process in which cells break down glucose to produce ATP; heat energy is a by-product. ATP is used for: - Active transport - Synthesis of molecules (eg. Proteins from amino acids) - Movement (eg. Phagocytosis, flagella) - Bioluminescence Cellular respiration Glucose can be broken down with oxygen (aerobic) or without oxygen (anaerobic). Cellular respiration Glucose can be broken down with oxygen (aerobic) or without oxygen (anaerobic). Aerobic respiration produces much larger amounts of ATP per glucose molecule than anaerobic. Cellular respiration Glucose can be broken down with oxygen (aerobic) or without oxygen (anaerobic). Aerobic respiration produces much larger amounts of ATP per glucose molecule than anaerobic. ATP is constantly made in cells from ADP; the energy from glucose metabolism adds a high-energy phosphate bond to ADP to make ATP. Cellular respiration ++ ADP – ATP. Harvesting of chemical energy by breaking down complex organic molecules into simpler molecules, using the energy from this process to join a phosphate group to an ADP molecule to make ATP. The resulting phosphate bond between the second and third phosphate of the ATP has a small amount of net energy which can be released to do work. Cellular respiration When a cell needs energy, the high-energy phosphate bond is broken and ATP returns back to ADP. Aerobic respiration Needs oxygen for the complete breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water; energy is released in the form of ATP and heat. Aerobic respiration Needs oxygen for the complete breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water; energy is released in the form of ATP and heat. 3 main pathways :o( 1st pathway - glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. 1st pathway - glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Each glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules (3 carbon molecules) 1st pathway - glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Each glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules (3 carbon molecules) Glycolysis produces 4 ATP for a net gain of two ATP and two molecules of NADH. 1st pathway - glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Each glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules (3 carbon molecules) Glycolysis produces 4 ATP for a net gain of two ATP and two molecules of NADH. Each NADH is carrying two energy rich electrons away from the glucose and these electrons can be used by the cell to do work. 1st pathway - glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Each glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules (3 carbon molecules) Glycolysis produces 4 ATP for a net gain of two ATP and two molecules of NADH. Each NADH is carrying two energy rich electrons away from the glucose and these electrons can be used by the cell to do work. Glycolysis itself does not require oxygen. 1st pathway - Glycolysis In glycolysis, the 6-carbon sugar, glucose, is broken down into two molecules of a 3-carbon molecule called pyruvate. This change is accompanied by a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules. Glycolysis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGRDa_YXXQA 2nd pathway – The Kreb’s cycle The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. 2nd pathway – The Kreb’s cycle The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and loses carbon dioxide to form acetyl-CoA, a 2-carbon molecule. 2nd pathway – The Kreb’s cycle The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and loses carbon dioxide to form acetyl-CoA, a 2-carbon molecule. As acetyl-CoA is passed around the cycle, extensive rearrangement occurs (which we DO NOT have to go into thank goodness) 2nd pathway – The Kreb’s cycle The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and loses carbon dioxide to form acetyl-CoA, a 2-carbon molecule. As acetyl-CoA is passed around the cycle, extensive rearrangement occurs; H atoms and CO2 molecules are produced. 2nd pathway – The Kreb’s cycle CO2 is a waste product and diffuses out of the mitochondria and the cell. 2nd pathway – The Kreb’s cycle CO2 is a waste product and diffuses out of the mitochondria and the cell. H atoms are picked up by a carrier molecule (NAD, a coenzyme) and taken to the third chemical pathway. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cDFYXc9Wko Lucky for us we don’t need to know about oxaloacetate! 3rd pathway – Electron transfer chain Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria (the folded membranes) 3rd pathway – Electron transfer chain Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria (the folded membranes) H atoms are ionised (loses an electron) and these high-energy electrons are passed along a series of acceptor molecules attached to the cristae. 3rd pathway – Electron transfer chain Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria (the folded membranes) H atoms are ionised (loses an electron) and these high-energy electrons are passed along a series of acceptor molecules attached to the cristae. As electrons are ‘bounced’ along the chain, their energy is used to form ATP from ADP. 3rd pathway – Electron transfer chain Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria (the folded membranes) H atoms are ionised (loses an electron) and these high-energy electrons are passed along a series of acceptor molecules attached to the cristae. As electrons are ‘bounced’ along the chain, their energy is used to form ATP from ADP. At the end of the electron transfer chain, the electrons are returned to the H ions (H+) which become atoms again and combine with O2 to make water. 3rd pathway – Electron transfer chain This stage produces most ATP 3rd pathway – Electron transfer chain This stage produces most ATP One molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis makes 38 molecules of ATP by the end of the ETC. 3rd pathway – Electron transfer chain This stage produces most ATP One molecule that enters glycolysis makes 38 molecules of ATP by the end of the ETC. Word equation : Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP + heat 3rd pathway – Electron transfer chain This stage produces most ATP One molecule that enters glycolysis makes 38 molecules of ATP by the end of the ETC. Word equation : Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP + heat Formula equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP + heat Good further on http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XGrtSA6BOs Glycolysis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGRDa_YXXQA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lRlTBRPv6xM&safe=active Questions 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? 2. Where in the cell does the glycolysis part of cellular respiration occur? 3. Where in the cell does the Krebs (Citric Acid) cycle part of cellular respiration occur? 4. Where in the cell does the electron transport part of cellular respiration occur? 5. How many ATP (net)are made in the glycolysis part of cellular respiration? 6. How many ATP are made in the Kreb’s cycle part of cellular respiration? 7. How many ATP are made in the electron transport part of cellular respiration? 8. In which phase of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide made? 9. In which phase of cellular respiration is water made?
