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Unit Three: Transformation of Matter and Energy II. Cellular Respiration H. Catabolism of Food digested and broken down into 1. carbohydrates a) polysaccharides - starch hydrolyze to release glucose glucose enters glycolysis b) mono- and di-saccharides sucrose is hydrolyzed by an enzyme to glucose + fructose glucose enters glycolysis directly Pi is added to fructose to form fructose-6-phosphate, which can enter glycolysis 2. proteins – chains of amino acids a) hydrolyzed by proteolytic enzymes which remove amino acids b) if protein used for energy production then, amino group removed (deamination) → forms ammonia →transformed into urea (terrestrial vertebrates) → excreted in urine remaining molecule (after deamination) is modified and enters citric acid cycle 3. fats (lipids) composed of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains glycerol removed → converted to GAP → enters glycolysis fatty acids undergo β-oxidation 2 carbons removed from fatty acid chain → transformed into acetyl CoA → enter citric acid cycle 1 I. Inhibitors of cellular respiration: in-class assignment: Explain how each toxin would affect: toxins cyanide DNP oligomycin rotenone carbon monoxide bongkrekic acid blocks etransfer to oxygen makes mt membrane permeable to protons blocks passage of protons through ATP synthase blocks etransfer from NADH to Q prevents etransfer within complex IV inhibits ADP transport into mt rate of ATP production electron transport oxygen consumption CO2 production rate of glucose consumption heat production 2 J. Plant-specific respiration reactions non-green plant tissue get all ATP from respiration green-tissue still capable of respiration (though 6X to 20X slower than photosynthesis) 1. cyanide-resistant pathway components cyanide-resistant pathway complex I Q alternative oxidase transfer to oxygen normal pathway complex I Q complex III cytochrome c complex IV transfer to oxygen allows respiration to continue complexes III and IV not used decreases proton gradient less efficient energy transfer increases heat produced 2. functions of cyanide-resistant pathway a) heat production b) remove excess substrates when ETS saturated c) provide citric acid cycle substartes 3
