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Biology: Key Area 8 Summary Sheet Respiration is used to release energy for use in cells. When food is burned, the chemical energy is given off as heat energy. To measure the energy in food, burn the food and measure the temperature change in a boiling tube of water. Energy in food can be measured in kilojoules (kJ). Respiration is the chemical release of energy from the food we eat. Glucose is the food molecule that is the main source of energy in cells. Respiration is controlled by enzymes. The energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to generate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Adenosine Pi Pi Pi ATP(HIGH ENERGY STATE) Breakdown, releasing energy Building up (phosphorylation) requiring energy ADP+Pi(LOW ENERGY STATE) Adenosine Pi Pi energy Pi ATP is used for cellular activities including muscle cell contraction, cell division, active transport, transmission of nerve impulses and synthesis of protein. Aerobic respiration is the complete breakdown of glucose into Carbon Dioxide and water in the presence of oxygen. Stage one of aerobic respiration is called glycolysis and does not require oxygen – 2ATP are produced. Stage two of aerobic respiration does require oxygen and produces 36ATP - 38ATP produced in total during aerobic respiration. When no oxygen is present, glucose cannot be completely broken down so the “fermentation pathway” is followed. Stage one of the fermentation pathway is called glycolysis and does not require oxygen - 2ATP are produced. Stage two, in plants, produces carbon dioxide and ethanol and is an irreversible reaction. Stage two, in animals produces lactic acid and is a reversible reaction. Aerobic Respiration Fermentation Pathway in Animals Fermentation Pathway in Plants & Yeast