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Chapter 12
The Renaissance in
Italy and Northern
Europe, 1350–1550
Learning Objectives: Questions to
Consider
• How did perceptions of painters, sculptors,
and architects change over the fourteenth
and fifteenth centuries?
• What is the purpose of applying linear
perspective to painting?
• What were the differences in the ways
painters in Italian cities and those in Flanders
achieved depth and dimension in their work?
• How did the scholarly interests of humanists
in Italy differ from humanists in northern
Europe?
A New Climate of Cultural
Expression
• The Spirit of Humanism and a Passion for
Antiquity Create a Renaissance
– Petrarch (1304-1374)
• Interests in Poetry (Latin and Vernacular) and
Manuscripts (a Bibliophile)
• The Emulation of Classical Authors
– Byzantine Refugees and the Greek Tradition
• Emmanuel Chrysoloras (1355-1415)
– Patronage by Merchants and Autocrats
• Lorenzo de’ Medici (r. 1469-1492)
• Civic Humanism and Republicanism
A New Climate of Cultural
Expression
• From Artisan to Artist
– Giotto di Bondone (1267-1334)
– Skilled Artisans and Functional Art
• Businessmen and Their Workshops
– Gentile Bellini (ca. 1429-1507)
• Changing Values
– Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574) on Artists’ Lives
A New Climate of Cultural
Expression
• Perspectives and Techniques
– The Career of Filippo Brunelleschi (13771446)
• Painter, Metalworker, Engineer, and Architect
• Experiments with Linear Perspective
– The Vanishing Point and Depth
– The Work of Masaccio (1401-1428)
• Creating the Dome for Florence’s Cathedral
– Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
• A Genius with Expertise in Many Fields
• The Artistic Celebration of the Human Body
A New Climate of Cultural
Expression
• The Pleasure of Things
– Economic Revival and Acquisitive Spirit
• Domestic Spaces
– A Society of Consumers
• Clothing
– Sumptuary Laws and Social Distinction
The Northern European
Renaissance
• Northern European Art
– Manuscripts and the Representation of the World
• Book of Hours
• Psalters
– Jan van Eyck (ca. 1390-1441)
– Italian vs. Flemish Techniques
• Tempera/Oil
• Perspective/Color
• Architectural Framing/Inclusion of the Viewer
– Symbols
The Northern European
Renaissance
• Northern Humanists
– New Scholarship
• New Methods for Textual Analysis
• Interests in Churches and Doctrine
– Patristics
– Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536)
• Updated Translation of the New Testament
– Jewish Scholarship
• Kabbalah
The Northern European
Renaissance
• Printing, a New Medium
– Printing Technology
• Johannes Gutenberg (d. 1468) and the Printing Press
– The Need for Paper
• Increasing Availability
– Books and Pamphlets
• Aldus Manutius (1449-1515) and Greek Texts
The Cities of Renaissance Italy
• The Medici Florence
– Cosimo de’ Medici (1389-1464)
• From Papal Banker to Florentine Power Player
– Lorenzo the Magnificent
– Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498)
• Attempted Reform, Turmoil, and Execution
• Maritime Republics: Venice and Genoa
– Government by Council and Doge
– The War of Chioggia, 1380
– Venice Victorious: the Most Serene Republic
The Cities of Renaissance Italy
• Autocrats and Humanists
– Urban Violence: Vendetta and Condottieri
– The Courtier of Baldassare Castiglione, 1528
– Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) and The Prince
• The Strategies of Practical Statecraft
– Milan
• The Rule of the Visconti
• Francesco Sforza (r. 1447-1466): From Condottiere to
Duke
The Cities of Renaissance Italy
• The Papal States and the Church
– Proving the Donation of Constantine a Fraud
• Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457)
– The Expense of Maintaining the Papal States
– The Borgias
• Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503) and Son
Cesare Borgia
– The Power of Pope Julius II (r. 1503-1513)
Renaissance Ideals in
Transition, 1400–1550
• The Court of Francis I of France (r. 1515-1547)
– Attempted Conquest of Italy Helps Create a
Renaissance Prince in the North
• Fontainebleau and Christian Humanism
• England Before Its Renaissance
– Arthurian Legends
• Thomas Mallory and William Caxton
– Dynastic Instability: the Wars of the Roses
• From Richard III (r. 1483-1485) to Henry Tudor
– The Battle of Bosworth Field, 1485
Renaissance Ideals in
Transition, 1400–1550
• The Holy Roman Empire and Eastern Europe
– Prince Electors
• The Golden Bull of Charles VI (r. 1347-1378)
– A Seven-Elector Plan for Imperial Stability
– The Hanseatic League
• A Combination of Commercial and Political Power
• Decline: Lack of Centralization and Rivals
– Poland and Lithuania’s Defeat of the Teutonic
Knights
– Moscow and the Russian Principalities
• Unification Under Basil I (r. 1389-1425)