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Matter Anything that takes up space (volume) and has mass Atom Smallest particles that bond together to form a molecule Molecule Composed of two or more atoms Compound Composed of two or more different types of molecules Ions Cations When an atom has gained (-) or lost (+) an electron and then has a charge attached to it. Examples: Na+ and Cl- When an atom loses an electron and has a positive charge (+) because there are now more protons (+) than electrons (-) Think: “Cats have Paws” (Cations have pos charges) Anions Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Isotopes Radioactive Isotope Protons Neutrons Electrons Nucleus of Atom When an atom gains an electron and becomes more (-) because there are more negative electrons present than positive protons. (Think: “An” means NOT or Negative for Ions) Atoms that have transferred electrons - gained or lost an electron(s) - such as NaCl which has an ionic bong A bond between atoms where electrons are shared. Triple bonds are the strongest. (Think co-captains who share the job of being a captain on a team) Atoms that have a DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS than what is listed on the periodic table. Atoms that have so many neutrons the nucleus tends to break down and release radioactivity Ex: Carbon dating of fossils Positive charge Neutral charge Negative charge Contains protons and neutrons Makes up the mass of an atom Electron Cloud Know how to determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an atom Remember: Atomic Mass or Mass # is the more massive number on the element The area around the nucleus that contains the electrons. It makes up the volume of the atom Atomic Number = # Protons Atomic Number = # Electrons Atomic Mass = #Protons + # Neutrons Mass - # Protons = # Neutrons Valence Electrons The electrons in the outer shell of the atom Electronegativity The force of attraction between the protons in the nucleus and the valence electrons What happens to the electronegativity as you go from top to bottom (groups) on the periodic table? The electronegativity decreases because the protons and the valence electrons are farther away from each other and the pull by the protons decreases. What happens to the electronegativity as you go from right to left (periods) on the periodic table? The electronegativity increases because the valence electrons are closer to the protons and their pull