Download 2-2 Student IB Reading Comprehension Activity Guide

Name ____________________________________________
Block _______
Reading Comprehension and Activity Guide
2.2 (Crane: pages 51-60) Biological Level of Analysis: Genetics and Behavior
Replace the blank lines with the appropriate word or words from the assigned reading in bold
blue text. Follow and complete the additional instructions found within this guide. (All answers
and summaries must be in bold blue text.)
Behavioral Genetics investigates the role ______________ and the _______________ play in differences in
human behavior.
Basic belief in the field of genetics is inheritance of ___________ plays a role in behavior.
 Inherited genes cause the development of specific __________________ _______________ that
contribute to traits (characteristics) and ____________________.
 A single gene cannot explain very complex behaviors such as _________________, addiction,
__________________, assertiveness, or a tendency toward depression to name a few.
 “What is inherited may be one of the ____________ ______________ for complex behavior.”
There are valid arguments within the psychological profession that state an inherited gene alone
does not cause an individual’s behavior but an individual may have a ___________________ toward a
certain behavior.
 “Without the appropriate __________________ _________________,” a genetically predisposed
behavior may never manifest.
 Research does not show convincing evidence that one single gene is the sole cause for a
complex behavior. “What is inherited may be one of the ___________ ___________ for complex
behaviours.”
The _________________–______________ _______________ is used in the study of abnormal psychology to
explain the origin of ____________________. “The model argues that depression may be the result of the
interaction of a ‘_______________ ___________________’ and traumatic environmental stimuli in early
childhood.”
 Not all people develop depression as a result of early traumatic events [this has been
shown in sibling studies]
 “There is no single ____________-__________-____________ relationship between genes and
behavior.”
“Genetic arguments of behavior are based on the principle of ____________________.”
 “In 1990, _____________ _____ ______________ pioneered the ______________ _____________
__________________with the goal of mapping out the genetic make-up of the human species
by identifying 25, 000…” human genes.
 The mapping of human genes has the potential to explain human behavior and help to
develop treatments.
 The part specific _____________ play in relation to specific _____________ has yet to be
discovered.
A ____________________ study establishes a relationship between __________________.
 Researchers look at how different variables may _________________.
 A researcher does not ___________________ an independent variable in a correlational study
as they do in an experiment. For this reason, no ____________ and ____________ can be
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determined and no specific gene can be attributed to any specific behavior. (It cannot be
said that ‘this gene makes this person more likely to be smarter or faster.’)
The most prevalent way in which researchers study correlation of genetic inheritance
and behavior is through __________ studies because they share common genetic material.
_________________ twins (MZ) are ________________ _______________ because they are formed from
one fertilized egg that splits in two. (These twins are the same sex and look nearly
identical]
__________________ twins (DZ) develop from two fertilized eggs and will have about 50% of
their genes in common are not necessarily the same sex.
“Psychologists use these different degrees of genetic relationship as a basis for their
__________________.”
It is thought that the higher the __________________ _____________________ of individuals studied
– (researchers can make assumptions that) the more alike a specific inherited
characteristic is likely.
In twin research, this correlation found is called the _________________ __________.
Unlike twin studies, _________ _________ are more representative of the general population.
 A child inherits _______of their genes from their mother and half of their genes from their
father. The child shares ______ of inherited genes with their siblings, share 25% of their
genes with their ______________ as well as ________ with their first cousins.
 The thought is that concordance rates will increase when _____________________ is _______.
The third strategy applied to genetic research is ________________ ________________.
 These studies tend to enable the ‘most direct _____________________ of _______________ and
____________________ influences of behavior.’
 Children share 0% of their adoptive or foster parents’ genes and 50% of their birth
mother’s genes. Researchers can make conclusions when discovering a _______________
______________ in patterns when comparing inherited or environmental indications.
 “Adoption studies are criticized as these children ______ ______ _______________ ____ _____
____________ ______________.” Also, because adoption agencies use ______________ _______________
(finding homes for children with families who are similar in many ways with the natural
parents,) critics state that it is difficult to separate the __________of genetic inheritance and
environmental ________________.
Is intelligence inherited or is it the result of environmental stimuli? During the beginning of the 20th
century, educational systems and governments set out to create tests that would indicate genetic
intellectual potential. ‘___________ ___________, a pioneer in intelligence research, developed an
intelligence test to improve the French education system.’
 A prominent debate has been whether intelligence is _______________ or the outcome of
____________________ _________________.
 Most notable researchers today would not argue that genetics does not play a role in
intelligence nor would they argue that the environment is not an important factor in
intelligence.
In 1994, Harvard professor Richard J. Herrnstein published ______ _______ _________.
 At the time, he claimed that the debate about whether and how much genes and the
environment have to do with ____________ _______________ remained unresolved.
 “The media furor over the idea that there may be ______________ ______________ ____
________________ demonstrates the highly political nature of the topic.”
Page 54 2.2 “Be a Thinker”: Follow the instructions for this activity and answer the 3 questions
in bold blue text.
{John B. Watson was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of
behaviorism.} What did John B. Watson (1924-1958) believe regarding the link between
behavior and the environment? (Answer this question in bold blue text)
Dialogue and dispute persist on the subject of the origin and nature of ____________________. The
__________________ between biological and environmental factors is only recently being considered.
The questions researchers ask are: ________ is intelligence? And, How can it be ________________?
 An early intelligence theorist Carl ________________ argued that there is a _____________
__________________ ____________ that is the basis for all intelligence. He based this on his
findings that showed student performance across different subjects was positively
_________________.
 The term ‘_’ ____________ [named by Carl Spearman (1863-1945)] continued to be one
model used to describe the commonality between cognitive ability test results. To read
more in depth about Carl Spearman you can follow this link: http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/charles-spearman-theory-of-intelligence-lessonquiz.html#lesson
 “Modern _________________ _____________ attempts to assess this ‘_’ ___________, rather than
looking at specific school subjects.”
 These tests focus on an individual’s ‘__________ ___________, ________________, ________________
______________, and ___________ ___________.’ The question remains: _________ _______ ____ ___
_______ _______?
Research on Intelligence:
 Bouchard and McGue (1981) – Read this paragraph and summarize in your own
words. (Use bold blue text)
*Key words to use in your summary: meta-analysis, quantitative summary, kinship,
correlation, IQ, genetics, identical twins, siblings, genetic relationship, environments,
assumption, and similarity
What does et al. mean when following a name? [Look it up if you don’t know] (Answer in bold
blue text)
(Bouchard et al. 1990) _____ _______________ _______ _________ is a ________________ __________ that has been
going on since 1979. In this study, identical twins Raised apart (_____) are compared to identical
twins raised together (_____) One of the major advantages of this study: “It is the most crosscultural study to date and includes participants from all over the world.”
 “Another advantage of this study is that the _______ _____ ___ ____ _______ _____ ____ _________
_____ at the start.”
 Until this point, almost all intelligence research has been carried out with ________________.”
 Each twin completed 50 hours of testing and interviews. Look over the table showing
the concordance rates of intelligence from the study on page 55. Write a brief
description of the determinations made from this study in bold blue text.
A great deal of research has supported this study. Although, the size and nature of the sample is
deemed as one of the most important and impactful studies ever carried out, there are some
criticisms of this study.
Read through the paragraphs outlining these criticisms on page 55-56. Identify and discuss the
4 criticisms outlined including the further studies (include the findings or assumptions
resulting from the additional studies cited.) (Bold Blue Text)
Key words: ‘equal environment assumption’, Scarr and Weinberg (1997), Horn et al. (1979),
assumption, adopted, natural, environment, correlations, attributable, significant difference, high IQs,
lower IQs, Wahlsten (1997), socio-economic
Questions to consider when analyzing a genetic explanation of intelligence:
 What is _________________?
 Is intelligence based on ____________________ or related to our ability to _____________
_________________?
“Hainer et al. (1988) carried out a ______ ______ study which indicated that _______
___________ ___ _____________ _____________, individuals with a _______ ____ had ___________ _____________ _______”
[the amount of energy expended in a give period] – compared with individuals with a low IQ.
“This difference was only seen in ______________ _______________, but not in _______
__________.” This study could potentially indicate that those with ___________ ______ use ______ ___________
____ ________ than those with lower IQs. This is known as the ______ ________ _______________.
“Plomin and Petrill (1997) found that correlations between parent and child IQs
__________ over time.” Outline this paragraph found on page 56 in bold blue text.
(1)What did James R. Flynn try to document about intelligence? (2)What is the term used to
refer to this documentation? (3)Why did he find it important to document? (Answer in bold
blue text)
List 5 possible implications (causes) for an increase in average IQ tests around the world over
decades documented by the Flynn Effect. (Answer in bold blue text)
2.2 pages 57-60 Evolution – (All paragraphs and answers in bold blue text)
pp 57 Write a paragraph summarizing the principle of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution
connecting its significance to the biological level of analysis.
Key Words: theory of natural selection, Galapagos Islands, adaptation, animal study, insight,
common behaviors, The Descent of Man (1871)
pp 57-58 Professor Tetsuro Matsuzawa (2007 – Kyoto University, Japan) This recent study is a
prime example of a how evolution is studied by looking at the behavior of our genetically closest
animal relatives.
Use full sentence structures to answer these questions:
What was the aim of professor Matsuzawa’s study?
Describe the procedure used in the study?
Discuss the findings of this study.
Read the section on Evolutionary Psychology on pages 58-59 and Complete the partial
sentences (noted with …) in the following outline, answer the questions and respond to
instruction in bold blue text)
I. Evolutionary Psychology
A.) Evolutional psychology is ground on the principle that…
1.) Evolutionary psychologists attempt to explain how…
2.) It is important to remember that natural selection cannot….
a.) … it can only…
B.) One example of evolutionary research is the study of emotions.
1.) Dan Fessler of the University of California carried out research on…
a.) He argues that the emotion of…
b.) Fessler (2006) investigated the…
2.) During the first trimester of a woman’s pregnancy, an infusion of hormones
lowers the expectant mother’s immune system so as not to fight the new genetic material in her
womb.
a.) Fessler hypothesized that the…
How did Fessler test his theory?
What were the results of Fessler’s study?
3.) According to Fessler, many of the diseases that are most dangerous are most foodborne but, our ancestors could not afford to be picky about what they ate all the time.
a.) Natural selection may have helped compensate for the increased
susceptibility to disease during this risky period in pregnancy by…
b.) That the sensitivity seems to diminish at the risk of disease and infection
decreases is consistent with the view of…
C.) Curtis et al. (2004) carried out research on the Internet to test whether there were
patterns in people’s disgust responses.
1.) Pages 58-59 Read the procedure used in this study and state the findings
in bold blue text.
2.) Describe (in bold blue text) what the graph related to this studies (on page 59)
shows in support of the idea of patterns in peoples’ disgust responses.
D.) In spite of the evidence, there are things to consider when examining an evolutionary
argument.
Complete this section of the outline in bold blue text describing these considerations (listed on
page 59).
1.)
2.)
3.)
*Page 59-60 Ethical considerations in research into genetic influences of behavior
Take your own notes after reading this remaining information in section 2.2
Your options are to print and organize your notes for this part by hand or complete as you have been
in bold blue text. You may use any outline form that best suits your learning style (a form of note
taking organization that works best for you in order to help you retain the ideas, concepts and
information.) [Hint: Notes are an organization of thoughts and not a word for word copy of the
information you are reading. It may help to focus on ‘key words’ in the reading to help with your note
taking.]
*2.2 Page 59 Crane: POSSIBLE FINAL EXAM QUESTION (within the blue outlined text box) As
an individual or with one partner read this text box carefully. Then go online to the Psychology
blog and find IB Companion Guide 2.8 to assist you in writing your response to the question as
stated.