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Unit #3: Cradles of Civilization • The geography of the Nile River Valley greatly contributed to political development. • The Nile River has 6 cataracts – massive waterfalls. • Ancient Egypt is divided into 2 different physical regions: 1. Upper Egypt – so named because of the higher elevation 2. Lower Egypt – Nile delta region where the river meets the Mediterranean Sea • Around 5000 BCE, ancient Egyptians lived in small, independent villages with each village having its own rituals, worshipping its own deity, and being ruled by its own leader. • By 3200 BCE, the villages came under the rule of either Upper or Lower Egypt, depending on its location on the Nile. • Upper and Lower Egypt are united in 3200 BCE by Narmer, who settles the capital in Memphis near the 1st cataract and establishes the 1st dynasty (sequence of rulers from the same family) • Ancient Egypt would go on to have nearly 30 different dynasties, spanning a period of over 2600 years. • Egyptian monarchs are referred to as pharaohs, who were thought to be deities in their own right and were responsible with the kingdom’s wellbeing. Pharaoh’s were thought to continue ruling in the afterlife. • Ancient Egyptians were polytheistic and running totals of their deities amount to about 2000. • Some of the most important and popular deities included: Re – sun deity Osiris – deity of the dead Isis – deities of mothers and wives Anubis – deity and guide of the underworld In order to pass into the afterlife, Anubis was said to weigh your heart. If it was light as a feather, you were granted eternal life; however, if it was heavy it was said to be full of sin. The Devourers of Souls would then eat your impure heart and no eternal life for you. Sorry, not sorry. • Social mobility was possible via marriage and literacy. • Women had many of the same rights as men, such as owning and trading property, proposing marriage, and/or seeking divorce. • social hierarchy: • Ancient Egypt divided into 3 time periods: 1. Old Kingdom (2700-2200 BCE) 2. Middle Kingdom (2200-1650 BCE) 3. New Kingdom (1550-1100 BCE) • The distinction between periods marks a time when the divinity and power of the pharaoh is questioned. • During the century between the Middle and New Kingdoms, Egypt is occupied by the Hyksos, horseriders from the Levant.