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Name:_______________________________________________________Date:____/____/________Period:______ MESOPOTAMIASTUDYGUIDE I. VOCABULARY TERMS Rural Urban Empire SocialHierarchy Ziggurat Cuneiform Mesopotamia CityState Polytheistic Epic Scribe Silt Surplus Irrigation Priests PEOPLE Sargon Gilgamesh Enkidu Shamhat Hammurabi II. Section1:PhysicalGeographyoftheFertileCrescent.Asfarback as10,500BCE,peoplewerefarmingandharvestingneartheTigrisand EuphratesRiversinwhatisnowcalledIraq,Syria,Turkey,andLebanon. a. Rivers,FarmingTechniques,andAgriculture i. TigrisandEuphratesRivers 1. Providedwatersourceforpeopleandlivestock,sanitation, transportationandtrade,religiousinspiration,canalirrigation forcrops,andfoodsurpluses. 2. Foodsurpluses(duetospecialization)madepossibletherise ofcivilization:village!citystate!empire b. OtherImportantBodiesofWater i. PersianGulfwasclosesttoancientSumerandBabylon ii. MediterraneanSeaalsoprovidedopportunitiesfortravelandtrade fromportsinmoderndayTurkey,LebanonandIsrael III. Section2:SumerianSociety.Sumeriansdevelopedthefirst civilizationinMesopotamia.Guardedbyawall,thesocietywasorganized intoacomplexsocialhierarchywherereligionplayedamajorrole. a. SargonandtheAkkadianEmpire i. Populationboom(10k–100k)ledtogrowthofcity-statesthat requiredprotectionintheformofwallsandarmies. ii. Sargonestablishedapermanentstandingarmyandusedittobuild thefirstempire.Itfellshortlyafterhedied. b. ReligionShapedSociety. i. Polytheisticpriestsgainedhighstatusandbecamepowerfulbecause theyperformedceremonies. ii. Sumeriansocialhierarchy:1.King!2.Priests!3.Skilledpeople !4.Farmersandlaborers!Slaves iii. Menhadaccesstoeducation,law,andpoliticswhereasfewwomen hadaccesstoeducationandcaredforthehomeandchildren.Those whowereeducatedwerewealthy. IV. Section3:SumerianAchievements.Advancementsinmechanics, mathematics,writing,arts,andlawgreatlyenrichedSumeriancultureand society.Modernhumanscontinuetobenefitfromtheseachievements. a. InventionofWriting i. Sumeriansinventedthefirstsystemofwritingtotrackcropamounts andtradeusingpictographsandcuneiformetchedintoclaytablets byscribes. ii. Sumeriansrecordedepicstotellstoriesofpowerfulkingsor importantevents.Thisactsignaledthebeginningofrecordedtime (alsoknownashistory). b. AdvancesandInventions i. Technicaladvancementsincluded:potter’swheel!wheeland wheeledvehicles,plow,waterclock,sewersystems,bronzecrafts,and sailboats ii. MathematicalandScientificadvancementsincluded:60-base (sexagesimal)numbersystem,areaofarectangleandtriangle, calendar,andmedicinesfromplantsandminerals. c. ArtsofSumer i. ii. iii. iv. v. d. Law Architecturalachievements:palacesandziggurats(temples) Sculpturesofgodsandtemplesmadefromivory,wood,andclay Jewelrymadefrombronze,gold,silver,andgemstones CylinderSeals:engravedwithsymbolsandusedasasignature SongandDance:reedpipes,drums,tambourines,andlyres(small harps)accompaniedpeoplewhosanghymnsanddanced i. KingHammurabiofBabyloniadevelopedtheSteleofHammurabi (todayitisreferredtoasHammurabi’sCode):oneofthefirstwritten lawcodesintheworld. ii. Babylonianswereprovidedwithrulesforsettlingproblemsthatarose intheireverydaylives.Manylawsfocusedoncommerce,trade,and agriculture(farmingandherding) iii. Punishmentsrangedfrommild(fines)tosevere(lossofhand,eye,or life).Punishmentsbecamemoresevereisthecrimeinvolvedreligion. iv. Ledtoaboominliteracysincepeoplehadtoreadthelawsinorderto understandandfollowthem.Manylawsalsorequiredcontractsto greatprooforevidenceoftransactions.
