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Ocean Biogeographic Information System Vishwas Chavan [email protected] National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India in association with Mark J. Costello [email protected] Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, New Zealand Yunqing P. Zhang, Fred Grassle Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, USA Karen Stocks San Diego Supercomputer Centre, University of California San Diego CoML and OBIS Ocean Biogrographic Information System (OBIS) is the data and information component of CoML Primary Data on Marine Species Ocean Biogrographic Information System publishes primary data on marine spcies locations online www.iobis.org It facilitates data discovery and exploration by • searching by species, higher taxa, time, location, depth, database • mapping • overlaying species distributions on ocean environments • modeling of potential environmental range And enables data capture for re-use How does OBIS do it? • Caches species distribution data from databases distributed around world • Creates taxonomic and geographic index • Seeks out new datasets • Develops standards for data exchange and management • Develops software tools for online use • All data freely accessible online Today, OBIS publishes In cache • 92 datasets • 9 million records • 59,000 species In Index (edited data) • 6.9 million records at genus level and below • 147,000 names (CoL land+marine) amongst largest data providers to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility www.gbif.org Data capture progress 100 10 Millions of records (a) total locations (b) to genus level and below 8 80 6 60 4 40 Number of (a) data sources (b) marine species (1,000s) 2 20 0 0 2-02 8-02 2-03 8-03 2-04 Months 8-04 2-05 8-05 2-06 Who is OBIS? Strategic alliance of organisations and people sharing vision to make data publicly available for research, education and management Includes: • Data custodians and data providers • Tool providers • Regional OBIS Nodes and iOBIS portal • Partner organizations and Sponsors • Committee members • Editorial Board • Persons providing feedback People running OBIS International Committee • Bob Branton • Ann Bucklin • Mark Costello (Chair, CEO) • Catherine Duckett (Program Manager) • Daphne Fautin • Rainer Froese • Fred Grassle (Director Secretariat) • Pat Halpin • Gary Poore • Karen Stocks • Edward Vanden Berghe • Yunqing Zhang (Portal Manager) Managers Committee • Bob Branton, Canada (chair) • Vishwas Chavan, Indian Ocean • Mark Fornwall, USA • Marten Grundlingh, Sub-Saharan Africa • Mirth Lewis, South America • Alicja Mosbauer, Australia • Don Robertson, SW Pacific (NZ) • Junko Shimura, Japan • Sun Song, China • Edward Vanden Berghe, Europe • Yunqing Zhang, iobis portal Representatives of Regional OBIS Nodes OBIS Managers Committee of 10 Regional Nodes Managers Australia Canada China Europe India Japan New Zealand South America Sub-Saharan Africa United States of America Long-term Long -term scientific oversight of online data • Editorial Board • quality data and tools to OBIS • advise on end-user experience • advise on taxonomic and ecological issues • involve peer-reviewers • Who? • • • • Leaders major data sources World taxonomic experts Technical experts Scientists using OBIS-like data First members of the OBIS Editorial Board • • • • • • • • • • • • • Bailly N. Bouchet P. Boxshall G. Blum S. Branton R. Bucklin A. Buddemeier R. Costello M.J. Fautin D. Froese R. Grassle J.F. Gordon D. Holm P. Myers R.A. O’Dor R. Poore G. Rees T. Rosenberg G. Shirayama Y. Starkey D. Stocks K. Vanden Berghe E. Wiley E. Wilkin J. Wood J. OBIS data sources Databases centered on • Taxonomic group (literature sources) • Field surveys (benthos, plankton, observations) • Fishery surveys Datasets: • Museum collections Global Habitats Regional • Seabed, seashores to deep sea 39% datasets National • Plankton 17% Local • Several habitats 44% A community effort in online publication of primary data Location records in OBIS Dataset records • Fish • Other vertebrates • Invertebrates • Plants • Many taxa (from collections, surveys) 24% 17% 20% 10% 29% Global surveys SAFHOS CPR zoo- phyto- plankton NODC plankton BioOcean (deep-sea) Global collections Atlantic Reference Centre (HMSC) Southampton Oceanography Centre midwater collections Canadian Museum Nature ZooGene Global syntheses (1) CephBase Hexacorallia (anemones +) FishBase MicroBIS Global syntheses (2) SEAMAP – turtle, mammal, bird HMAP Historical data Nematodes, mysids Mollusca Regional: Antarctic BIANZO Antarctic benthos (Belgium) AADC seabirds Weddell seals AADC seabirds Heard Island seals Whales Regional: NW Atlantic ECNSAP SE USA invertebrate Collection ACCDC EAISSNA DFO DFO Atlantic fisheries E Canada benthic macroinvertebrates Regional: NE Atlantic Kiel Bay ArcticSSMB + Other local Arctic datasets MacroBel Scheldt Estuary MedOBIS Sandbank meiofauna Regional: Pacific Bishop Museum, Hawaii NIWA, New Zealand fisheries Australian museum collections Birds, invertebrates, mammals, fish, turtles National (1) TISBE – Belgium + CSIRO warehouse BioMar Ireland Nova Scotia museum US EPA National Benthic Inventory National (2) Pacific South Atlantic and Pacific Gwaii Haanas invertebrates Sealion base Gwaii Haanas plants REVIZEE - benthos Habitats? Global habitat synthesis: Seamounts Online Added value from data sharing • • Different datasets show different distributions Together they show a truer distribution KGS Mapper maps where similar environmental conditions occur ±1 S.D. OBIS data confirms predictions Green or shore crab, Carcinus maenas Invasive species in west North Atlantic and Australia Where are the gaps? • Geographic • surface area • depth • Taxonomic • Time Southern and mid-oceans under-sampled Total distribution data holding in OBIS: 5,253,721 records, 50,932 scientific names, 38,012 species Primary Vs Secondary Remember options to conduct gap analysis? • Primary data = OBIS • Secondary data = literature databases • ASFA analysed for publications on “marine biodiversity” by Moustakas & Karakassis (in Aquatic Ecology 37, 2005) Publications on “marine biodiversity” in ASFA by ocean region (from Moustakas & Karakassis, Aq. Ecol. 39, 2005) 4 9 89 14 11 107 23 23 37 83 37 105 19 Total distribution data holding in OBIS: 5,253,721 records, 50,932 scientific names, 38,012 species Poor relationship primary OBIS records to secondary ASFA entries Data by depth < 100 m depth 100 – 1,000 m depth > 1,000 m depth Data by region, depth Africa 3000-10000 1000-3000 300-1000 100-300 10-100 0-10 Canada Alaska Australia New Zealand South America Depth zones North East Atlantic North West Pacific Indian Ocean 1 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1000's genus & species records 1000 1000000 Log 10 scale • Most data from North Atlantic (Europe and Canada) • Less data with depth in all regions Taxa by time period Most data from 19th century was fish (HMAP effect) invertebrates fish mammals 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Decade Geography by time 1,000,000 Data records Africa Alaska Australia Canada Indian Ocean New Zealand North East Atlantic North West Pacific 100,000 10,000 South America 1,000 100 10 1 1750 1800 1850 1900 Decade 1950 2000 • Historical data for all regions, note Alaska 2050 Fishes May provide good estimate of sampling effort for all taxa Mammals, birds, reptiles Birds Mammals But no snakes ! Reptiles Crustaceans Copepods Decapods Amphipods Molluscs Gastropods (nudibranchs, snails) Cephalopods (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish) Bivalves (clams+) Worms and microbes Polychaetes Protists Nematodes Bacteria Numbers of species Total OBIS Total world Vertebrata 13,887 14,272 Nematoda 2,004 4,200 48% round worms Cnidaria 3,516 7,598 46% anemones+corals+ Annelida 2,594 8,080 32% worms * Other 629 2,197 29% other Tunicata 241 1,286 19% tunicates Crustacea 5,584 30,472 18% crustaceans Mollusca 5,708 32,813 17% molluscs Pycnogonida 141 940 15% sea spiders * Echinodermata 802 6,700 12% echinoderms Bryozoa 528 5,700 9% mat animals * Nemertea 115 1,250 9% ribbon worms * Porifera 310 6,000 5% sponges 0 6,795 0% flatworms * Platyhelminthes % in OBIS 97% vertebrates What are the gaps? • Geographic • surface area • depth less southern and mid-oceans less with depth in all oceans • Taxonomic • only reasonable for vertebrate’s • Time • less recent and pre-1950 • Above effects additive! What you can do! • Comment on OBIS website and portal • it is as good as you help make it! • Assist OBIS networking to scientists • Promote need for OBIS to governments and funding agencies • Encourage data publication through OBIS • new datasets, newly digitised data, • compliment those who have published online Thank you ! • To all members OBIS committees • To persons who enabled publication of datasets through OBIS • People who provided feedback on OBIS website and portal • Census of Marine Life and its participants • Alfred P. Sloan Foundation