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Ocean Biogeographic Information System Edward Vanden Berghe ‘Mission’ • OBIS publishes primary data on marine species locations online through www.iobis.org – It facilitates data discovery and exploration by • Searching by species, higher taxa, time, location, depth, data set • Mapping observed occurrences • Modelling of potential environmental range – Integrates data over marine themes • Microbes to whales • Genetics and morphology • Poles to equator… – Enables data capture for re-use • Provides the biogeographic context for ocean research Global loss of species from LMEs Biodiversity issue Worm et al. 2006 in science Why do this? • Proper management of natural resources requires properly managed data and information – Several organisations sharing fisheries data • OBIS model makes data and information management more efficient – Share responsibilities, tools, standards… – Share data across different organisations and countries • OBIS is a way of ensuring data is not lost – Archaeology and rescue for historic data – Repositories for new data • Assist in data discovery – Links with EoL, BOLD… OBIS as part of GBIF • Same technology – DiGIR, investigating IPT • Same structure – Darwin Core, OBIS Schema – Investigating expansion • Same philosophy and terms of use OBIS as part of UNESCO • Adopted by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO • As part of their International Oceanographic Data and information Exchange programme • So no longer an project-based activity, but intergovernmental GBIF OBIS IODE OBIS in context • Data integration component of CoML – Capturing and integrating data – Support the 2010 synthesis • Marine component of GBIF – Fully inter-operable with GBIF standards – Extending with marine-specific elements • Biodiversity component of IOC – Under IODE programme – Contributing to GOOS • Partner with FAO, UNEP (WCMC) • Hosted by Rutgers University IMCS • Funded by Sloan Foundation Distribution of cod, Gadus morhua, shown as ‘csquares’ map Predicting distribution of invasive species, Pterois volitans OBIS records viewed 200000 180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 Mar-2006 Oct-2006 Apr-2007 Nov-2007 Jun-2008 Dec-2008 Jul-2009 Jan-2010 Standards • Biogeography: GBIF/TDWG – Darwin Core, Extended to OBIS Schema – ABCD • Metadata: discovery metadata – Global Change Master Directory – NASA – MEDI – IODE; FGDC – US Gov? • Taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) – Contribution to Species 2000 and Catalogue of Life • Geography – Polygon sets • EEZs, FAO areas, IHO… – Gazetteer Extensions to Darwin Core • Begin and end point – Position, depth, date/time – Accommodate trawls • Sample size – Quantitative information • In collaboration with GBIF working on system to extend standard – Ecological information, EML Standards: taxonomy • Aphia is general species register maintained at VLIZ – Consists of several overlapping subsets • defined geographical (ERMS, NWARMS…) • defined taxonomic (Porifera, Platyhelminthes…) • defined thematic (HABs, invasive species) • Exposed through www.marinespecies.org • WoRMS = Aphia + external GSDs – Algaebase, Hexacorallia, FishBase… OBIS number of records • • • • 699 datasets 20.1 million distribution records 147,000 names, 107,000 taxa Among the largest provider to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility • Who’s providing data? – Regional OBIS Nodes – Census of Marine Life Map of CoML field projects CoML & Ocean Observing An example of how CoML technologies can be implemented in earth and ocean observing systems Some animals dive 1000m 7 seals tracked during 2-3 month summer feeding migrations Some CoML Discoveries Ceratoserolis – an isopod from the Weddell Sea Athorybia rosacea – a siphonophore from the Sargasso Sea Promachoteuthis sloani – a squid from the mid-Atlantic Ridge Kiwa hirsuta – a crab from around Easter Island (nicknamed the Yeti crab) Palinurus barbarae – a lobster from around Madagascar HMAP data extends timeline 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 Location of RONs Role of the regional nodes • Ensuring true global cover for OBIS • Regional nodes are closer to the providers of the data – – – – Local visibility for global OBIS data Mobilise data from region Technical assistance, also with standardisation Specialised information products and services • Data available on the regional network are also available on the global network – Increased global visibility for local data and data providers – Data sharing OBIS Regional Node Architecture Global Node Regional Node Provider Global Database Regional Database Products All Data Subset of Data Public Accessibility GBIF IOBIS Data Found By IOBIS Not From Global Databases Regional Subset Regional Node With Local Datasets And Online Providers All data Global Datasets e.g. FAO, Hexacorallia Fishbase & Seamounts Online Providers Regional Node With Local Datasets Only RMB - March 14, 2004 Still a lot of work… • We don’t know the total biodiversity – New species are discovered • Selective sampling in geography – Mostly in surface waters – Temperate zones • Selective sampling in taxonomy – Mostly big things, vertebrates New species are discovered Data from http://marinespecies.org Geographical bias Bias in depth: all data Bias in depth: deeper than 2500m Taxonomic bias Taxon Cetaceans Seals… Fish # species # in OBIS % 133 117 88 45 36 80 24139 21258 88 Echinoderms Decapods Bryozoans 6199 8227 6000 1624 3796 1096 26 46 18 Analysis of OBIS data • First attempts at diversity pattern on a global scale, with a large number of taxa – Previously either local or on one taxon (e.g. commercial large fish like tuna, forams…) – ‘Safety in numbers’ • Results not affected by idiosyncrasies of single taxon or study • Results very preliminary, and need data cleaning and further checking – E.g. by artificially removing datasets from analysis Global pattern of sampling effort Pattern in number of species Corrected for bias: ES(50) Large Marine Ecosystems Latitudinal gradient ES(50) es(50) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -100 -50 0 50 100 Marine fish to be discovered Percentage completeness 1 100 Mora et al (2007). The completeness of taxonomic inventories for describing the global diversity and distribution of marine fishes. Proc. R. Soc. B, published on line Plans for the future • More data and analysis • Develop thematic portals, on issues of direct societal relevance – Invasive species, HABs… • Develop demonstrator projects – Species distributions, hotspots… • Support CoML scientists – Integration across themes – 2010 Synthesis – Publications: theme section(s) Get in touch • www.iobis.org • [email protected], [email protected]