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Oceans of Biodiversity Remain Unknown – New Zealand and the Global Ocean Dennis P. Gordon NIWA Mark Costello Auckland University Edward Vanden Berghe Rutgers University The New Zealand EEZ • >4 million km2 • long history of geological isolation • huge diversity of seafloor features How many marine species in New Zealand? Bacteria excluded! Described species Known undescribed Estimated undiscovered Protozoa, fungi, algae, plants Invertebrates Vertebrates 3,000 8,287 1,254 165 3,210 170 ?? ?? 690 TOTALS 12,541 3,545 ~40,000−50,000 i.e. species known 16,086; yet to be described >40,000−50,000 At the present rate of new species descriptions (~100 / y) it will take minimally 400−500 years to complete the task of inventorying New Zealand’s marine biota. The uncertainty concerning estimated undiscovered species centres on parasitic and commensal organisms plus free-living nematodes (roundworms). Superkingdom PROKARYOTA Cyanobacteria Other prokaryotes Photos: NIWA Photos: NIWA and Jon Waterbury WHOI (www.whoi.edu) named species 40 named genera 39 Kingdom PROTOZOA 9/12 phyla # species Amoebozoa 2 Apusozoa 1 Cercozoa 14 Choanozoa 19 Ciliophora 75 Euglenozoa 16 Foraminifera 1076 Myzozoa 243 Radiozoa 181 TOTAL 1627 Kingdom CHROMISTA 6/6 phyla # species Bigyra 1 Heliozoa 1 Cryptista 9 Haptophyta 78 Ochrophyta 757 Sagenista Total 9 855 Kingdom PLANTAE 3/6 phyla # species Rhodophyta 478 Chlorophyta 142 Tracheophyta Total 6 626 Kingdom FUNGI g # species Total 57 Kingdom ANIMALIA — 29/33 phyla # species Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Dicyemida Gastrotricha Gnathifera Cycliophora Mollusca Brachiopoda Phoronida Bryozoa Entoprocta Sipuncula Echiura Annelida Nemertea 683 0 1113 19 323 6 4 44 0 3664 35 3 950 12 26 6 789 62 # species Chaetognatha Tardigrada Onychophora Arthropoda Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida Nematoda Nematomorpha 15 5 0 2819 17 1 3 167 1 Xenoturbellida Echinodermata Hemichordata Tunicata Chordata 0 531 6 192 1425 TOTAL 12,921 Photos: NIWA & NORFANZ Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gnathifera Mollusca Brachiopoda Bryozoa Sipuncula Annelida Nemertea Echinodermata Tunicata Chordata Arthropoda Kinorhyncha Nematoda All other groups TOTALS 25,510 ERMS region South Africa 1640 1316 38 2484 201 3798 18 760 44 2073 429 651 481 1490 7426 40 2110 511 289 842 11 58 2 3062 31 280 47 767 17 410 220 2272 2457 1 358 68 11,192 New Zealand 683 1113 19 323 44 3664 35 950 26 789 62 531 192 1425 2819 17 167 62 12,921 Diversity of Marine Animalia Photos: NIWA & NORFANZ European Register of Marine Species ERMS area 21 762 258 km2 NZ EEZ area 4 053 049 km2 ERMS area ~5.5 x greater than New Zealand EEZ but only 1.97 x as many marine Animalia THREE KINGS ISLANDS GOZO COMINO MALTA * Spirits Bay – New Zealand’s marine-biodiversity hotspot UK/Ireland EEZs Mediterranean Sea Three Kings Shelf, NZ Have equivalent numbers of bryozoan species The coral-reef ecosystem — the most speciose marine biome. Diversity of molluscan species ERMS 3738 Contours based on Scleractinia Panglao >5000 Espiritu Santo ~3500 New Caledonia 3001 Rapa 530 After Veron, 1995 Australian EEZ New Zealand EEZ ~5000 3664 South African EEZ Southern Ocean 3062 690 Base map courtesy of Philippe Bouchet, MNHN Estimates of described marine species (all kingdoms) • • • • • • Winston 1992 May 1994 Van der Land 1994 Reaka-Kudla 1996 Gordon 2003 Bouchet 2006 Courtesy Mark Costello & Philippe Bouchet 250,000 500,000 150,000 274,000 230,000 230,000 Global species diversity (all kingdoms) Global species and marine diversity (all kingdoms) Rate of discovery of marine species in European seas 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1750 1850 1950 Year • Many new species to be discovered in best-known seas • Species-rich taxa are the least known How many unknown species in European seas? • ERMS • 29,700 listed • 6,500 species not yet added • 36,200 known species • Statistical model* predicts • 5,000 to 20,000 species to be described • i.e. 16% to 67% • hence 41,000-56,000 species in European seas * Wilson, S. P. and Costello, M.J. 2005. Predicting future discoveries of European marine species by using a non-homogeneous renewal process. Applied Statistics 54: 897-918. So how many marine species? Known Unknown % unknown Total Europe World 36,200 230,000 5,000 - 20,000 1.17-1.37 million c. 84-86% 16 – 67 % 41,000 - 56,000 1.4-1.6 million* *Bouchet 2006 Data from Phillipe Bouchet MNHN "Algae" 1,170,000 ÷ 1,555 = 752 years 89 Protozoa 1,370,000 ÷ 1,555 = 881 years 63 Fungi 4 Porifera 40 Cnidaria 76 Platyhelminthes 90 Nemertea 9 Nematoda 21 Mollusca 354 Annelida Crustacea 439 Bryozoa 30 Echinodermata 21 Tunicata 27 Other Invertebrates 64 Pisces TOTAL : 1555 121 Cetacea 1 0 100 200 300 400 Descriptions of new marine species, 2002–03 (not bacteria) 500 However • Still have not described enough species for most species-rich taxa to predict “unknown.” • Need understand more about spatial and habitat-related diversity in order to make projections. • But CoML deep-sea projects may fill these gaps. A role for OBIS here – using data on >80,000 species (representing distribution at >13 million ocean localities) from >230 databases via www.iobis.org Geographical gaps in OBIS increase with depth − All data (all depths) in 5 degree squares, November 2007: Red = highest density of sampling; blue lowest; white = no data. If sampling density were equally high everywhere, most of the map would be red. >100 metres >500 metres >1000 metres > 2500 metres Global pattern of sampling effort Red is more, blue less, white is no data. Pattern in number of species in OBIS Red is more, blue less, white is no data. Observed number of species in each square correlates with sampling density. Species richness in OBIS corrected for sampling bias Red is more, blue less, white is no data. Using ES(50) index = expected number of species in a random sample of 50 specimens from each 5 x 5 degree square. Blanks are squares where fewer than 50 “items” have been found; even a crude biodiversity estimate is not possible. Balaenoptera omurai Wada et al. 2003 12 m long Ostreococcus tauri Courties & Chrétiennot-Dinet, 1995 1 µm diameter Smallest known eukaryote ? ? Applying taxonomic biodiscovery Scientific needs Sustainable management Biosecurity Biotechnology Conservation Climate change International responsibilities The Census of Marine Life addresses all of these concerns. Acknowledgments • The visionaries who promoted CoML and OBIS • FRST Contract C01X0502 • Photographers Tracy Farr, Malcolm Francis, Svenja Heesch, Els Maas, Wendy Nelson, and Geoff Read (NIWA) • Dr Philippe Bouchet, MNHN, Paris • Cytographics [www.cytographics.com] • NZ Plant Conservation Network (Jeremy Rolf photographer) [www.nzpcn.org.nz] • Protist Image Data (Charles J. O’Kelly & Tim Littlejohn ©1994-2004) [http://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/protists/gallery/html] • Protist Image Galleries [http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Galleries/indexE.html] • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (John Waterbury) [www.whoi.edu] • Zoosporic Fungi Online [www.botany.uga.edu/zoosporicfungi]