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Transcript
The Silver Ion (Ag+), A New Look at an Old Friend Richard Kunz, consulting chemist July, 2011 Since early civilization, silver has been known to have exceptional antimicrobial properties. Long before the advent of modern antibiotics, which only attack bacteria and are becoming disturbingly impotent against resistant super germs, silver was a commonplace sanitizer. Today, the silver ion (Ag+) has been rediscovered as an excellent antimicrobial. Silver applications currently represent one of the fastest growing sectors in micro-organism control because it is remarkably effective defense against an enormous range of infectious diseases - including the increasing number of dangerous “superbugs” like MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with its growing number of strains) and newly emerging pandemic threats, such as Influenza A (H1N1), bird flu (H5N1 virus) and SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). Research at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri confirms studies that antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic microbes do not develop with Ag+ as they have with antibiotics. Commercial Applications: • Chemical & Engineering News describes a new method from Nexxion for applying a permanent Ag+ coating to catheters, IV needles, and other medical devices, the chief technical officer of the company says, “To date, no pathogens have been able to survive contact with silver.” • SilverSanitizer.com offers self-contained Ag+ generating applicators using distilled water and silver cloth. Produced by A Better Way, Inc of Colorado Springs CO. • AcryMed, a nanotechnology company, recently announced FDA approval of its product SilvaGard, a silver-nanotechnology coating to protect medical devices from bacteria. The company stated, “Ag+ has been long recognized and used as a highly effective antimicrobial.” • Cooling Tower, humidifier, spa and swimming pool waters are sanitized with Ag+ ions. • Covalon, has introduced an antimicrobial Ag+ releasing, collagen-based sheet dressing for wound care. The president of the company says, “In the wound dressings market, silver dressings growth outperforms all others in the category.” • Curad and Johnson & Johnson bandages are now available with impregnated Ag+. • AgION states that, “Today silver is a key ingredient in new high-tech, powder coated finishes that hospitals and doctors’ offices are using to protect walls, counters and other germ-gathering surfaces.” • Hospitals and other medical facilities use Ag+ technology in climate control system components and ductwork to prevent the transmission of bacteria that cause Legionnaires Disease. Water service to hospitals use silver ion technology. • ARC Outdoors uses silver infused fabric from NanHorizons Inc. to produce antimicrobial socks for the U.S. military, Wal-Mart, Bass ProShops and Cabelas. • SmartSilver is a brand of odor-eliminating underwear, stocking caps and gloves that employ Ag+ to kill bacteria on contact. • Slippers and pillows now have Ag+ compounds incorporated into the fabric to prevent odorcausing bacteria. • Samsung recently introduced a clothes washing machine that kills 99% of bacteria in cold water by using silver ions. • Containers for food storage are now being impregnated with Ag+ releasing compounds to prevent bacterial growth that contributes to spoilage. • Adidas and Polartec have licensed silver coated nylon fabric known as X-Static to incorporate germ-killing silver in athletic and outdoor clothing for their ability to kill odors (caused by organisms). • Gray Matter brand air filter media, produced by BEC Technologies of Colorado Springs CO, contains activated carbon made antimicrobial with Ag+. • J-Wear is a new type of anti-bacterial, water-absorbent, odor-eliminating clothing designed for space missions. Antistatic and flame retardant, their socks, T-shirts, trousers and leggings are made of cotton and polyester coated with silver. • Writing pens, bath mats, cutting boards, and door knobs are being coated with silver compounds to prevent bacteria from reproducing and spreading. • Microbecide™ incorporates Ag+ technology for diverse use in personal, professional, commercial and industrial applications. Other areas of use include food contact surfaces, clinical work surfaces, medical wipes and water treatment applications. • Prisons, where stubbornly resistant staph infections are problematic, are turning to Ag+ for a solution. Ag+ technology is presently being utilized in 15 different correctional facilities in Oklahoma, Kansas, Tennessee, Ohio, Minnesota, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Florida and Texas. • Cruise lines are employing Ag+ technologies as a defense against ship-wide Norovirus (stomach virus) outbreaks. When a microorganism becomes resistant to an antibiotic agent, it has “learned” how to fortify the specific target that the agent attacks. In contrast Ag+ attacks, mainly by denaturing thio (S-H) groups within essential proteins, three essential areas - even within antibiotic-resistant strains! Cell Wall - metabolic and structural proteins of the cell membrane burst and the cell dies. Cytoplasm - respiratory enzymes are blocked and the cell starves to death. Nucleus - DNA and RNA nucleic acids are confused and the cell neither grows nor divides. A press release by Curad quoted Philip M. Tierno, Ph.D., Director of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology at New York University Medical Center and author of The Secret Life of Germs (Atria Books 2004), “Silver is a natural antibacterial that works by killing bacteria, fungi and yeast by interfering with metabolisms necessary for life.” For these reasons Ag+ is an “antimicrobial”, rather than an “antibacterial”. This is a very important distinction because many diseases affecting people today - Influenza A (H1N1), H5N1 (bird flu) and SARS - are virus, not bacteria pathogens. Virus Studies: • The Environmental Protection Agency quotes on its website: “[The EPA] believes, based on available scientific information, Ag+ products are effective against the H5N1 virus.” • In St. Paul, Minnesota, AppTec Laboratory Services verified “complete inactivation” of the Human Immunodeficiency type 1 Virus by an Ag+ complex in less than one minute of contact.” • A study at the University of Arizona, in the US, showed Ag+ to be effective against the corona virus that researchers use as the surrogate for SARS. • A 2003 study by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention found Ag+ to be highly effective against the human SARS virus. • Recently in Hong Kong, Ag+ has proven to be very effective against the Avian Influenza A (ATCC VR-544, Hong Kong Strain) virus. • A 2005 study out of the University of Texas suggested Ag+ is effective against HIV-1 virus. • A 2009 evaluation by Kasetsart University, Thailand found silver completely deactivated the avian influenza A (H5N1) virus within ten minutes of contact. Bacteria Studies: • Independent laboratories in Frankfurt, Germany demonstrated that silver, “fulfilled European Standard EN1040 required 99.999% reduction of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Corynebacterium minutissimum and Escherichia coli.” • Independent Nelson Laboratories in Salt Lake, Utah in the United States confirmed the kill of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) bacteria by an Ag+ complex within two minutes of contact. References: APS Meeting News see also “Silver Bromide Shines In Bacteria-Fighting Coating,” Bethany Halford, Chemical & Engineering News, Latest News – Nanotechnology, July 12, 2006 “New Nanotechnology Receives FDA Approval - Setting Stage For New Era In Battle Against Hospital Related Infections,” December 12, 2005 “Covalon enters into significant international distribution agreement for new antimicrobial and regular collagen-based wound dressings,” Covalon Technologies, Ltd. Press Release, January 12, 2006 “SILVERCEL™ Antimicrobial Alginate Dressing Protects the Healing Environment With Silver, Johnson & Johnson News, April 13, 2004 “University Study Shows Ag+ Effective Against SARS; Supports Previous Research Findings on SARS Virus,” BioPortfilio by AgION Technologies, June 13, 2005 “Study Shows Silver Nanoparticles Attach to HIV-1 Virus,” Syeda Z. Hamdani, www.PhysOrg.com, October 14, 2005 “Silver Fights Germs Naturally,” Press Release from Curad, October 19, 2004 “Old Curative Gets New Life at Tiny Scale,” Barnaby J. Feder, The New York Times, December 20, 2005 “Final Study Report, Virucidal Efficacy of a Disinfectant for Use on Inanimate Environmental Surfaces, Virus: Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1, Strain HTLV-IIIB ”, AppTec Laboratory Services, 2540 Executive Drive St. Paul, MN 55120, USA, December 20, 2001 “Ag+ Complex Designed for Antimicrobial Use in Humans Receives U.S. Patent,” Invision International Health Solutions, Inc. Press Release, June 29, 2005 “Tulsa County Jail Eradicates Long-Standing Staph Problem: No New Cases in 5 Months With Use of Staph Attack Disinfectant” Lexdon Business Library, Feb 08, 2007 “Technical Report No. AM 07/014, Determination of the antimicrobial activity of an I&I disinfectant containing Microbecide”, Bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC #6538, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ATCC#15442, Escherichia coli ATCC #10536, Corynebacterium Minultissimum ATCC#23348, Yeast: Candida Albicans ATCC#10231 Ciba Labs, Frankfurt, Germany, 03 Dec, 2007.