Download Grammar Summary -- Spanish 1 Unidad 3 Etapa 3

Grammar Summary -- Spanish 1 Unidad 3 Etapa 3
Describing the Weather
A. To talk about the weather in Spanish, we often use the verb hacer:
Hace (mucho) calor
It's (very) hot
Hace (mucho) fresco
It's (very) cool
Hace (mucho) frío
It's (very) cold
Hace (mucho) sol
It's (very) sunny
Hace (mucho) viento
It's (very) windy
Hace (muy) buen tiempo
It's (very) nice weather
Hace (muy) mal tiempo
It's (very) bad weather
B. When you talk about the sun or the wind, you can also use hay:
Hay sol y hay viento = It's sunny and it's windy
C. To talk about raining and snowing, use the verbs llover (o-->ue) - to rain and nevar (e --> ie) - to
snow: Llueve mucho en el oeste del estado de Washington. Nieva mucho en la montaña
Rainier.
D. To say that it's cloudy, use the expression está nublado. (TRIVIA QUESTION: Why is it está
nublado and not es nublado? See the answer at the bottom of the page.)
Special Expressions Using tener
You have already learned that someone is hungry or thirsty and to tell a person's age using the verb
tener. It is also used in many other "idiomatic expressions."
I'm hungry = Tengo hambre
I'm thirsty = Tengo sed
I'm 16 years old = Tengo 16 años
I'm hot = Tengo calor
I'm careful = Tengo cuidado
I'm cold = Tengo frío
I'm afraid = Tengo miedo
I'm in a hurry = Tengo prisa
I'm right = Tengo razón
I'm sleepy = Tengo sueño
I'm lucky = Tengo suerte
I feel like dancing = Tengo ganas de bailar
Direct Object Pronouns
A "direct object" is a word that receives the action of a verb directly. (In the sentence "Paco buys
shoes" the action of buying goes directly from Paco to the shoes.) An "indirect object" is a word that
indirectly receives the action of a verb. (In the sentence "Paco buys shoes for us" the action of buying
goes directly from Paco to the shoes and then indirectly to us, because we end up wearing them!) Right
now we are concerned only with direct objects.
A direct object answers the questions "Whom?" or "What?" as in "Whom do you see?" or "What did you
buy?" Nouns used as direct objects can be replaced by direct object pronouns:
SINGULAR
PLURAL
me = me
us = nos
you (fam.) = te
you (fam. pl.) = os
him, it, you (formal)(Masculine)= lo
them, you (pl) (Masculine) = los
her, it, you (formal) Feminine) = la
them, you (pl) (Feminine) = las
The direct object noun is placed after the conjugated verb, but a direct object pronoun is placed before
the conjugated verb OR after the infinitive if there is one: Yo compro la blusa. Yo la compro. Yo la
voy a comprar/Yo voy a comprarla.
Saying What is Happening 'Right Now':
Present Progressive
The Present Progressive is the equivalent of using -ing in English when you want to talk about what is
happening "right now." ("We can't play baseball right now. It's raining!") The Present Progressive is
a two-part construction, using the present indicative tense of estar + the present participle of a verb.
To form the present participle, drop the infinitive ending of the verb and add -ando for -AR verbs and iendo for -ER/-IR verbs. When the stem of an -ER/IR verb ends in a vowel, the spelling of -iendo
changes to -yendo. (leer - leyendo, oir - oyendo, creer - creyendo)
-AR Verbs like MIRAR
I'm watching = Estoy mirando
We're watching = Estamos mirando
You (fam.) are watching - Estás mirando
You (fam. pl.) are watching = Estáis mirando
He, she, it, You (formal) is (are) watching =
está mirando
They, you (pl.) are watching = están mirando
-ER Verbs like COMER
I'm eating = Estoy comiendo
We're eating = Estamos comiendo
You (fam.) are eating - Estás comiendo
You (fam. pl.) are eating = Estáis comiendo
He, she, it, You (formal) is (are) eating = está
comiendo
They, you (pl.) are eating = están comiendo
-IR Verbs like ESCRIBIR
I'm writing = Estoy escribiendo
We're writing = Estamos escribiendo
You (fam.) are writing - Estás escribiendo
You (fam. pl.) are writing = Estáis escribiendo
He, she, it, You (formal) is (are) writing =
está escribiendo
They, you (pl.) are writing = están escribiendo
ANSWER TO THE TRIVIA QUESTION: It's está nublado because estar is used for temporary
conditions. Even in Washington state cloudy skies are only t emporary!