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Plant Morphology Michael G. Simpson Plant Structure Terms Used for a specific structure/organ Basic Plant Organs – Root + Shoot [Shoot = Stem + Leaves] Both have terminal apical meristems Plant Habit = general form of a plant, encompassing stem duration and branching pattern, development, or texture. Herb - plant with annual above-ground parts (can be annual or perennial) Geophyte - perennial herb with rootstock Vine - weak stemmed Liana - woody vine Shrub - woody, multiple stems from base Subshrub - woody just above ground Tree - woody, one trunk Plant Duration = how long a plant lives. Annual- ≤ 1 year Biennial- 2 years Perennial- 3 or more years Plant Habitat = environment where plant lives. Terrestrial – growing in soil Aquatic Submersed – totally surrounded by water Floating – all or part of plant at surface Emergent – rooted in water, arising above it. Epiphytic – growing on another plant Saxicolous – growing on or within rocks Plant Life Form = structure, life cycle, physiology. Therophyte – annual Geophyte – perennial herb Epiphyte – plant growing on another plant Halophyte – salt-adapted plants Succulent – plant with fleshy leaves or stems Xerophyte – plant living in dry, hot environments Roots Function - absorption, anchorage Structure - rootcap, root hairs, endodermis Adventitious roots - arise from non-root organ Lateral roots - arise from another root (1˚, 2˚, etc.) Roots: -have a terminal apical meristem, producing cells to the inside and outside (the latter -> rootcap) Root Types/Parts taproot –primary root dominant can form lateral roots fibrous –primary root withers, subsequent roots adventitious growing from stem in a fibrous mass aerial –adventitious roots that generally do not enter the soil and may absorb water and minerals from the air or from runoff from plants prop –adventitious roots help support plant haustorial -roots parasitic, penetrate tissue of host plant contractile –roots that actually contract vertically, functioning to pull the rootstock further into the soil Root Types/Parts storage roots – taproot that has become greatly thickened, accumulating reservoirs of high-energy storage compounds (usually starch) E.g., Raphanus sativus, radish Root Types/Parts buttress roots - enlarged, horizontally spreading and often vertically thickened roots at the base of trees that aid in mechanical support, found in certain tropical or marsh/swamp tree species E.g., Ficus rubiginosa, rusty-leaved fig Root Types/Parts pneumatophores -roots that grow upward, out of soil (anti-geotropic), function to absorb oxygen in anoxic soils Avicennia germinans, black mangrove Root Types/Parts prop roots - are also adventitious Shoot = stem + associated leaves Node: point of attachment of leaf/leaves to stem Internode: region along stem between two nodes Shoot: stems and leaves are intimately associated early in development Axillary/lateral buds: develop into lateral branches, can be vegetative or reproductive (flowers, inflorescence) Why is this a single leaf? Because the whole structure develops from a single leaf primordium. Caryota sp. Arecaceae leaf ca. 20 feet long! Stem (Shoot) Types areole bulb caudex -modified, reduced, -shoot consists of -rootstock consists of non-elongating small amount ofvertical stem relatively undifferentiated shoot apical meristem (bearing roots below) but vertically oriented bearing leaf spines, and a massive quantity stem characteristic of cactus family, of thick, fleshy Cactaceae. storage leaves (e.g., Allium spp., onions) May have bulbels (below) bulbils (above) caudiciform stem -low, swollen, perennial storage stem (at or above ground level), from which arise annual or nonpersistent photosynthetic shoots (e.g., Calibanus, some Dioscorea spp.) rootstock – general term for underground stem, e.g., bulb, corm, rhizome, stolon Stem (Shoot) Types cladode -flattened, photosynthetic stem that may resemble and function as a leaf, found, e.g., in prickly-pear cacti, Asparagus, and Ruscus. corm culm -shoot consisting -the flowering mostly of generally and fruiting globose stem tissue stem(s) of surrounded by grasses scanty, scale-like and sedges leaves (e.g., some Iris spp.) fascicle/ short shoot -modified shoot with very short internodes from which flowers or leaves are borne rhizome -horizontal underground stem (aboveground in some ferns), typically with short internodes, bearing scale-like leaves (e.g., ginger) rootstock – general term for underground stem, e.g., bulb, corm, rhizome, stolon Stem (Shoot) Types scape -a “naked” (lacking vegetative leaves) peduncle (inflorescence axis), gen. arising from a basal rosette ofvegetative leaves, functioning to elevate flowers above the ground. stolon/runner -a stem with long internodes that runs on or just below the surface of the ground, typically terminating in a new plantlet, as in Fragaria (strawberry). thorn -a sharppointed stem or shoot tiller tendril tuber -general term for -a long, -a thick, proliferative grass slender, underground storage shoots, typically coiling stem, usually not growing in masses branch, upright, typically from axillary buds at adapted for bearing outer buds the base of the stem climbing and lacking surrounding storage leaves or protective scales (e.g., potato rootstock – general term for underground stem, e.g., bulb, corm, rhizome, stolon Stem (Shoot) Types pachycaul -woody, trunk-like stem, swollen basally, the swollen region functioning in storage (e.g., bottle trees, boojum tree) pseudobulb -a short, erect, aerial storage or propagative stem of certain epiphytic orchids Stem Habit =relative position of stem (+ growth, structure) prostrate acaulescent caulescent cespitose repent arborescent suffrutescent decumbent Stem Branching Pattern sympodial monopodial dichotomous sympodial Twig Structure collateral pseudoterminal naked superposed infrapetiolar Leaf Structural Type (Q 20-31; 100-117) bractlets bract phyllode scale spine tendril (leaf) unifacial leaf Leaf Structural Type Bract (flower) Epicalyx Bud Scale Leaf Structural Type Phyllode - Acacia spp. (Fabaceae) Leaf Structural Type Tendril - Lathyrus (Fabaceae) Leaf Structural Type Stipular Spine - Euphorbia spp. (Euphorbiaceae) Leaf Structural Type Petiolar Spine - Fouquieria splendens Ocotillo (Fouquieriaceae) Leaf Structural Type Leaf Spine (arising from areole) - Cactaceae Sharp things thorn - sharp-pointed stem/shoot (fr. axillary bud) spine - sharp-pointed leaf or leaf part leaf spine (also leaflet spine) stipular spine petiolar spine prickle - sharp pointed epidermal appendage Leaf Structural Type Pitcher Leaf - Nepenthes (Nepenthac.) Sarracenia (Sarraceniac.) Leaf Structural Type Tentacular Leaf - Drosera spp Sundew (Droseraceae) Leaf Structural Type Trap Leaf - Dionaea muscipula Venus Fly Trap (Droseraceae) Leaf Structural Type Dionaea muscipula Venus Fly Trap (Droseraceae) Leaf Structural Type Iris sp. unifacial Seismonasty Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Leaf Type / Parts imparipinnate simple pinnately compound paripinnate bipinnately compound Leaf Type / Parts palmate-ternate pinnate-ternate ternately compound = trifoliolate biternately compound palmately compound Leaf Type / Parts geminate unifoliolate bigeminate geminate-pinnate costa-palmate Leaf Attachment petiolate sessile sheathing decurrent amplexicaul perfoliate connateperfoliate Leaf Venation Leaf Venation