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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22728621A94992570 Scope: Global Language: English Esacus magnirostris, Beach Thick-knee Assessment by: BirdLife International View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: BirdLife International. 2016. Esacus magnirostris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22728621A94992570. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20163.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en Copyright: © 2016 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Chordata Aves Charadriiformes Burhinidae Taxon Name: Esacus magnirostris (Vieillot, 1818) Synonym(s): • Burhinus giganteus giganteus Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993) • Esacus giganteus • Esacus magnirostris magnirostris Christidis and Boles (2008) • Esacus neglectus neglectus Christidis and Boles (1994) Common Name(s): • English: Beach Thick-knee, Beach Stone-curlew Taxonomic Source(s): del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK. Taxonomic Notes: Esacus magnirostris (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously listed as E. giganteus; the name magnirostris has priority. Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Near Threatened ver 3.1 Year Published: 2016 Date Assessed: October 1, 2016 Justification: This species qualifies as Near Threatened because it has a small population. If the population is found to be in decline it might qualify for uplisting to a higher threat category. Previously Published Red List Assessments 2014 – Near Threatened (NT) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20142.RLTS.T22728621A62704270.en 2012 – Near Threatened (NT) 2008 – Near Threatened (NT) 2006 – Near Threatened (NT) 2004 – Near Threatened (NT) 2000 – Lower Risk/near threatened (LR/nt) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en 1 1994 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc) 1988 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc) Geographic Range Range Description: Esacus magnirostris is widespread around coasts from the Andaman Islands, India, Mergui Archipelago, Myanmar, islands off peninsular Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia through Indonesia, Brunei, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia (to France) and Australia. Its population in Australia may number c.5,000 birds and is probably stable (Garnett and Crowley 2000). Its density in Australia may have decreased locally on islands and in areas of the mainland where there are high levels of human disturbance and coastal development, especially around inhabited islands of the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, and the wet tropical coast (Freeman 2003). Despite this, between the 1920s and 1970s the eastern part of the species' range appears to have extended south into New South Wales (Garnett and Crowley 2000). It is very rare on and around Sumatra and Vanuatu, where it has not been seen for six years (N. Barre in litt. 2003). Despite observation effort on many islets of the southern lagoon (“Ilots du lagon sud” IBA) and outside (Loyalty islands, remote islands IBAs) of New Caledonia, it has only been seen in the north (Chartendrault in litt. 2007). Even if probably partly underestimated because of remaining unexplored areas, the New Caledonian population seems very small and may be a relic, even if there is no visible trend (Chartendrault in litt. 2007). Country Occurrence: Native: Australia; Brunei Darussalam; India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Myanmar; New Caledonia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Vanuatu © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en 2 Distribution Map Esacus magnirostris © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en 3 Population The population is thought to number c.5,000 individuals in Australia, 1,000 individuals in the Melanesian islands (G. Dutson in litt. 2002), and 10-20 individuals in New Caledonia. This totals at least 6,000 individuals, roughly equivalent to 4,000 mature individuals. Trend Justification The population is suspected to be in decline owing to human disturbance and predation by invasive mammals. Current Population Trend: Decreasing Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) Pairs may be found on most beaches within its range; in Australia these include short stretches of muddy sand among mangroves, coralline sands on atolls and prime surf beaches (Garnett and Crowley 2000). Beaches associated with estuaries and mangroves are particularly favoured. In New Caledonia, it is breeding on coral islets inside the lagoon, mainly on dead coral beaches near fringing reef, on upper shaded areas (Chartendrault in litt. 2007). Adults are sedentary, although the species has a tendency for wide-ranging vagrancy. It lays a single egg in a scrape in the sand at the landward edge of the beach, often using the same area repeatedly. It forages mainly in the intertidal zone on crustaceans and other invertebrates (Garnett and Crowley 2000). Systems: Terrestrial, Marine Threats (see Appendix for additional information) The species appears to be threatened by extensive human disturbance of beach habitats in many areas (Garnett and Crowley 2000). It is also thought to be sensitive to predation by introduced mammals. Much of the species' habitat in Australia, particularly on islands, is secure. This species occurs at low densities and occupies linear habitats, increasing the potential for local extinctions to become regional ones; however, its apparent range expansion southwards in eastern Australia suggests that such extinctions do not represent genetic barriers (Garnett and Crowley 2000). Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) Conservation Actions Underway No targeted conservation actions are known for this species. Conservation Actions Proposed Maintain a register of inhabited beaches. Monitor population trends, especially where human disturbance is prevalent. If necessary, control the use of beaches by humans and their dogs, particularly during breeding. Determine the relationship between human disturbance and breeding success. Credits Assessor(s): BirdLife International Reviewer(s): Butchart, S. & Symes, A. Contributor(s): Barré, N., Freeman, A., Chartendrault, V. & Baudat-Franceschi, J. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en 4 Facilitators(s) and Compiler(s): Benstead, P., Garnett, S., Harding, M., Pilgrim, J., Symes, A., Taylor, J., North, A. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en 5 Bibliography Barré, N.; Dutson, G. 2000. Liste commentée des oiseaux de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Alauda 68: 1-48. BirdLife International. 2001. Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K. Freeman, A. N. D. 2003. The distribution of Beach Stone-curlews and their response to disturbance on far north Queensland's Wet Tropical Coast. Emu 103: 369-372. Garnett, S. T.; Crowley, G. M. 2000. The action plan for Australian birds 2000. Environment Australia, Canberra. IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 07 December 2016). Citation BirdLife International. 2016. Esacus magnirostris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22728621A94992570. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en Disclaimer To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use. External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en 6 Appendix Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Habitat Season Suitability Major Importance? 12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.1. Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline Resident Suitable Yes 12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.2. Marine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc Resident Suitable Yes 12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.3. Marine Intertidal - Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches Resident Suitable Yes 12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.4. Marine Intertidal - Mud Flats and Salt Flats Resident Suitable Yes 12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.5. Marine Intertidal - Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses) Resident Suitable No 12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.6. Marine Intertidal - Tidepools Resident Suitable Yes 13. Marine Coastal/Supratidal -> 13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands Resident Suitable No 13. Marine Coastal/Supratidal -> 13.4. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes Resident Suitable No Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.4. Storms & flooding Future Unknown Unknown Unknown Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance Ongoing Majority (5090%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Minority (50%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success 6. Human intrusions & disturbance -> 6.1. Recreational activities 8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases -> 8.1.1. Unspecified species Negligible declines Negligible declines Low impact: 5 Low impact: 4 Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en 7 Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning Action Recovery plan: Yes Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management Conservation sites identified: Yes, over part of range Occur in at least one PA: Yes Invasive species control or prevention: No In-Place Species Management Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No Subject to ex-situ conservation: No In-Place Education Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No Included in international legislation: No Subject to any international management/trade controls: No Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions Needed 2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends 1. Research -> 1.5. Threats 3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends Additional Data Fields Distribution Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en 8 Distribution Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 29800000 Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No Population Number of mature individuals: 4000 Continuing decline of mature individuals: Unknown Extreme fluctuations: No Population severely fragmented: No Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No All individuals in one subpopulation: No Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Unknown Generation Length (years): 10.5 Movement patterns: Not a Migrant © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en 9 The IUCN Red List Partnership The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™