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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
ISSN 2307-8235 (online)
IUCN 2008: T22728621A94992570
Scope: Global
Language: English
Esacus magnirostris, Beach Thick-knee
Assessment by: BirdLife International
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: BirdLife International. 2016. Esacus magnirostris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2016: e.T22728621A94992570. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20163.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Aves
Charadriiformes
Burhinidae
Taxon Name: Esacus magnirostris (Vieillot, 1818)
Synonym(s):
• Burhinus giganteus giganteus Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993)
• Esacus giganteus
• Esacus magnirostris magnirostris Christidis and Boles (2008)
• Esacus neglectus neglectus Christidis and Boles (1994)
Common Name(s):
• English:
Beach Thick-knee, Beach Stone-curlew
Taxonomic Source(s):
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife
International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International,
Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Taxonomic Notes:
Esacus magnirostris (del Hoyo and Collar 2014) was previously listed as E. giganteus; the name
magnirostris has priority.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Near Threatened ver 3.1
Year Published:
2016
Date Assessed:
October 1, 2016
Justification:
This species qualifies as Near Threatened because it has a small population. If the population is found to
be in decline it might qualify for uplisting to a higher threat category.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2014 – Near Threatened (NT) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20142.RLTS.T22728621A62704270.en
2012 – Near Threatened (NT)
2008 – Near Threatened (NT)
2006 – Near Threatened (NT)
2004 – Near Threatened (NT)
2000 – Lower Risk/near threatened (LR/nt)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en
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1994 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)
1988 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
Esacus magnirostris is widespread around coasts from the Andaman Islands, India, Mergui Archipelago,
Myanmar, islands off peninsular Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia through Indonesia, Brunei, the
Philippines, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia (to France) and
Australia. Its population in Australia may number c.5,000 birds and is probably stable (Garnett and
Crowley 2000). Its density in Australia may have decreased locally on islands and in areas of the
mainland where there are high levels of human disturbance and coastal development, especially around
inhabited islands of the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, and the wet tropical coast (Freeman 2003).
Despite this, between the 1920s and 1970s the eastern part of the species' range appears to have
extended south into New South Wales (Garnett and Crowley 2000). It is very rare on and around
Sumatra and Vanuatu, where it has not been seen for six years (N. Barre in litt. 2003). Despite
observation effort on many islets of the southern lagoon (“Ilots du lagon sud” IBA) and outside (Loyalty
islands, remote islands IBAs) of New Caledonia, it has only been seen in the north (Chartendrault in litt.
2007). Even if probably partly underestimated because of remaining unexplored areas, the New
Caledonian population seems very small and may be a relic, even if there is no visible trend
(Chartendrault in litt. 2007).
Country Occurrence:
Native: Australia; Brunei Darussalam; India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Myanmar; New Caledonia; Papua New
Guinea; Philippines; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Vanuatu
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en
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Distribution Map
Esacus magnirostris
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en
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Population
The population is thought to number c.5,000 individuals in Australia, 1,000 individuals in the Melanesian
islands (G. Dutson in litt. 2002), and 10-20 individuals in New Caledonia. This totals at least 6,000
individuals, roughly equivalent to 4,000 mature individuals.
Trend Justification
The population is suspected to be in decline owing to human disturbance and predation by invasive
mammals.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
Pairs may be found on most beaches within its range; in Australia these include short stretches of
muddy sand among mangroves, coralline sands on atolls and prime surf beaches (Garnett and Crowley
2000). Beaches associated with estuaries and mangroves are particularly favoured. In New Caledonia, it
is breeding on coral islets inside the lagoon, mainly on dead coral beaches near fringing reef, on upper
shaded areas (Chartendrault in litt. 2007). Adults are sedentary, although the species has a tendency for
wide-ranging vagrancy. It lays a single egg in a scrape in the sand at the landward edge of the beach,
often using the same area repeatedly. It forages mainly in the intertidal zone on crustaceans and other
invertebrates (Garnett and Crowley 2000).
Systems: Terrestrial, Marine
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
The species appears to be threatened by extensive human disturbance of beach habitats in many areas
(Garnett and Crowley 2000). It is also thought to be sensitive to predation by introduced mammals.
Much of the species' habitat in Australia, particularly on islands, is secure. This species occurs at low
densities and occupies linear habitats, increasing the potential for local extinctions to become regional
ones; however, its apparent range expansion southwards in eastern Australia suggests that such
extinctions do not represent genetic barriers (Garnett and Crowley 2000).
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
Conservation Actions Underway
No targeted conservation actions are known for this species. Conservation Actions Proposed
Maintain a register of inhabited beaches. Monitor population trends, especially where human
disturbance is prevalent. If necessary, control the use of beaches by humans and their dogs, particularly
during breeding. Determine the relationship between human disturbance and breeding success.
Credits
Assessor(s):
BirdLife International
Reviewer(s):
Butchart, S. & Symes, A.
Contributor(s):
Barré, N., Freeman, A., Chartendrault, V. & Baudat-Franceschi, J.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en
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Facilitators(s) and
Compiler(s):
Benstead, P., Garnett, S., Harding, M., Pilgrim, J., Symes, A., Taylor, J., North, A.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en
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Bibliography
Barré, N.; Dutson, G. 2000. Liste commentée des oiseaux de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Alauda 68: 1-48.
BirdLife International. 2001. Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife
International, Cambridge, U.K.
Freeman, A. N. D. 2003. The distribution of Beach Stone-curlews and their response to disturbance on
far north Queensland's Wet Tropical Coast. Emu 103: 369-372.
Garnett, S. T.; Crowley, G. M. 2000. The action plan for Australian birds 2000. Environment Australia,
Canberra.
IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org.
(Accessed: 07 December 2016).
Citation
BirdLife International. 2016. Esacus magnirostris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:
e.T22728621A94992570. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en
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Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.1. Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline
Resident
Suitable
Yes
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.2. Marine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or
Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc
Resident
Suitable
Yes
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.3. Marine Intertidal - Shingle and/or Pebble
Shoreline and/or Beaches
Resident
Suitable
Yes
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.4. Marine Intertidal - Mud Flats and Salt Flats
Resident
Suitable
Yes
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.5. Marine Intertidal - Salt Marshes (Emergent
Grasses)
Resident
Suitable
No
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.6. Marine Intertidal - Tidepools
Resident
Suitable
Yes
13. Marine Coastal/Supratidal -> 13.1. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea
Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands
Resident
Suitable
No
13. Marine Coastal/Supratidal -> 13.4. Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal
Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes
Resident
Suitable
No
Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.4. Storms
& flooding
Future
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
6. Human intrusions & disturbance -> 6.1.
Recreational activities
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.1. Unspecified species
Negligible declines
Negligible declines
Low impact: 5
Low impact: 4
Conservation Actions in Place
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en
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Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning
Action Recovery plan: Yes
Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over part of range
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
Invasive species control or prevention: No
In-Place Species Management
Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No
Subject to ex-situ conservation: No
In-Place Education
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No
Included in international legislation: No
Subject to any international management/trade controls: No
Conservation Actions Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions Needed
2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.5. Threats
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en
8
Distribution
Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 29800000
Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No
Population
Number of mature individuals: 4000
Continuing decline of mature individuals: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations: No
Population severely fragmented: No
Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No
All individuals in one subpopulation: No
Habitats and Ecology
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Unknown
Generation Length (years): 10.5
Movement patterns: Not a Migrant
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Esacus magnirostris – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728621A94992570.en
9
The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.
The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens
Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew;
Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™