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Grammar
Parts of Speech
Nouns
• Person, Place, Thing, or Idea
• Must be:
– Singular or plural (hat, hats)
– Common or proper (hat, Fedora)
– Concrete or abstract (hat, courage)
• Can also be:
– Collective (team, herd, army)
– Compound (fire engine, sister-in-law, flashlight)
– Direct Address (Bill, go home.)
Match the Collective Nouns
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Herd
Army, Colony
Charm
Clan
Band, party, scold
Mob, troop
Pride
Float
Murder
A.Hyenas
B.Lions
C.Blue Jays
D.Crows
E.Hummingbirds
F.Kangaroos
G.Antelope
H.Crocodiles
I. Ants
Pronouns
•
•
Antecedent- the noun the pronoun is replacing
Types:
1. Personal (1st, 2nd, 3rd person)
•
•
•
1st I, me, mine, we, us, ours
2nd you, yours
3rd he, him, his, she, her, hers, they, them, theirs, it
2. Reflexive (-self, -selves)
•
-reflect back on a noun in the sentence, end in –self or –selves
–
Mr. Gustantino himself trained for the marathon.
3. Intensive (-self, -selves)
•
Intensify or add emphasis, unnecessary to the meaning of the
sentence
–
I myself dislike the taste of coffee.
Pronouns
•
More types
1. Demonstrative (this, that, these, those)
•
Point out specific people, places, things
2. Interrogative (which, what, who, whom, whose)
•
Questions?
3. Indefinite
•
Lacking specifics?
– All, both, few, none, somebody, nothing
4. Relative
•
First word of a clause that adds additional information to
the antecendent
– Jeff saw a movie that was truly terrible.
Activity
• Pronouns
– p 351 Ex. 16, 17, 18
Ex. 16, p. 351
1. Ithaca, which is in south-central New
York, is located on Cayuga Lake.
2. It was settled in 1789.
3. De Witt Clinton, the American statesman,
made his home in Ithaca.
4. Residents of Ithaca find themselves
surrounded by natural beauty.
5. There are many cliffs and deep ravines,
and their beauty is overwhelming.
Ex. 17, p. 351
1. Taos, New Mexico, sits in the hills near its
neighbor, Santa Fe.
2. The city itself has long been attractive to
visitors from other states.
3. They enjoy the beauty of the land and the sprit
of the residents there.
4. At the Kit Carson Home and Museum, you can
look at objects owned by Carson himself.
5. Literary buffs can occupy themselves at the
D.H. Lawrence Ranch and Shrine
Ex. 18, p 351
1. Visitors who come to Houston find a
thriving city in southeast Texas.
2. These are often people interested in the
history and culture of the are.
3. Which would you like to see: the ballet or
the opera?
4. The Houston Grand Opera, whose home
is in the Civic Center Complex.
5. That is the theater of the Houston Ballet.
Verbs
• Action- tells what action someone or something is
doing/will do/has done
– I wrote a letter.
– We walked home.
– Transitive/Intransitive?
• transitive = has an object
• intransitive = no object
• Read the sentence to the verb and ask Whom? What?
• I wrote an email to my uncle.
• She winced.
• The student wrote quickly.
Verbs
• Linking- links words at the end of the sentence
with those at the beginning or states the
existence of something.
– The movie was great.
– Your shorts are in the laundry.
– Kate is.
– Forms of the verb “be” and some extras sometimes:
• appear, feel, look, seem, sound, taste, become, grow,
remain, smell, stay, turn
– The tree grew very tall.
(Linking)
– The rose bush grew flowers. (Action)
Action or Linking?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Did you turn the pancake over?
The evening breeze felt great.
My neighbor grows peppers in her backyard.
Jim looked everywhere for Jenny.
Have you felt the material on the sofa?
Her voice sounds so pleasant over the phone.
Our dog always grows hungry at night.
Those sneakers look very comfortable.
The gunshot sounded the start of the race.
The photographs turned yellow with age.
Prepositions/Prep Phrases
• Preposition always begins a prepositional
phrase
• Last word of a prep phrase: object of the
preposition
– Must be a noun or pronoun
• Can be compound!
– According to, because of, in spite of, in view of
• Most prep. phrases can be removed and the
sentence will still make sense…
Prepositions
• Types:
– Of Location (at, in, on)
– Of Direction (to, onto, in to)
– Of Spatial Relationships (above, across, behind)
– Of Time (on, at, since, until, within)
• How many prepositions can you list?
– 2 minutes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
aboard
about
above
across
after
against
along
alongside
amid
amidst
among
amongst
around
as
at
atop
before
behind
Below
beneath
beside
besides
•between
•beyond
•by
•despite
•down
•during
•for
•from
•in
•inside
•into
•like
•mid
•near
•nearest (as in "call for the location
nearest you")
•of
•off
•on
•onto
•opposite
•out
•outside
•over
•past
•re
•round
•since
•through
•throughout
•till
•to
•toward
•towards
•under
•underneath
•unlike
•until
•up
•upon
•via
•with
•within
•without
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Two Word Prepositions
according to
ahead of
because of
close to
due to
far from
in to (contracted as into)
inside of (note that inside out is an adjective, not a
preposition)
instead of
on to (usually contracted as onto)
out of
outside of
near to
prior to
Three Word Prepositions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
as far as
as well as
by means of
in accordance with
in addition to
in front of
in place of
in spite of
on behalf of
with regard to
Box the nouns. Circle the Pronouns.
(Prep. Phrases)
Label Verbs (AV or LV)
Alexandria, Virginia was an early
colonial settlement. It was founded in
1749. George Washington was one of its
trustees and a part-time resident of the
town, where he drew early maps of it in
1748 and 1749.
Box the nouns.
Circle the Pronouns.
(Prep. Phrases)
Label Verbs (AV or LV)
Nomadic hunters probably first entered
what would become Virginia about 10,000
to 12,000 years ago. Almost 20,000
Native Americans were living in Virginia
when European explorers and settlers first
arrived.
Conjunctions
•
•
The glue of sentences
Types:
1. Coordinating (FANBOYS)
•
•
Used to link words/phrases/clauses of equal weight
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Conjunctions
2. Correlative Conjunctions
–
–
–
–
–
either…or
neither…nor
not only… but also
whether…or
Just as…so too
– Just as the smell of baking bread brought back
memories, so too did the taste of the cider.
– Not only did his favorite team lose, but his favorite
player was also injured.
Conjunctions
3. Subordinating Conjunctions
– Used to show one part of a sentence is more
important than the other.
– The idea in the main clause is more important,
while the idea in the subordinate clause is less
important.
•
•
•
•
Sally steamed the corn while Fred fried the steaks.
After the rain stopped, the dog ran into the mud to play.
The snowman melted because the sun came out.
Even though John fell asleep, the telephone salesman
kept talking.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
Time
Reason
after
before
since
when
whenever
while
until
as
as . . . as
once
because
since
so that
in order that
why
Concession
although
though
even though
while
Place
where
Wherever
Condition Manner
if
unless
until
in case
Provided that
Assuming that
even if
as if
as though
how
Conjunctions
4. Conjunctive Adverbs
– Easy to spot…look at the punctuation
1. I like the red paint. However, the blue is better.
2. I like the red paint; however, the blue is better.
3. I like the red paint. The blue, however, is better.
– Very powerful! Use it carefully and sparingly!
Common Conjunctive Adverbs
also
hence
however
still
likewise
otherwise
therefore
conversely
rather
consequently
furthermore
nevertheless
instead
moreover
then
thus
meanwhile
accordingly
Conjunctions
What type is it?
1. Joe Montana excelled both in college
and in the NFL.
2. Sara and Jeff are going to homecoming
together.
3. Mr. G watches the Phillies whenever he
can.
4. The film was cool; however, the book
was great as well.
5. If we leave now, we will just make it.
Final Questions
1. What is the helpful acronym to remember
all of the coordinating conjunctions?
2. How do we spot conjunctive adverbs?
3. What purpose does a subordinating
conjunction serve?
4. Give an example of a correlative
conjunction.
Interjections
Practice Activity
• Preposition & Conjunction worksheet
Adjectives
• Modify: nouns and pronouns
• Articles
– A, an, the
• Proper Adjectives
– Canadian bacon, Keynesian economics
• Compound
– Black-and-blue marks, sure-footed climber
Adjectives
• How do you find them?
1. They describe/modify nouns and pronouns
2. Ask 4 questions of the nouns/pronouns
•
•
•
•
What kind?
Which one?
How many?
How much?
Adverbs
• How do you find them?
1. ADV modify verbs, adjectives and other
adverbs
2. Ask four questions of the verb/adverb:
•
•
•
•
Where?
When?
In what way?
To what extent? (How?)
Interjection
• Expression of strong emotion
• Hesitation or placeholder
– often set apart from the rest of the sentence
by a comma or !
•
•
•
•
Ah, now I understand.
Lima is the capital of...er...Peru.
Hey! Watch where you’re going!
Hmm. I'm not so sure that’s a good idea.
Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Conjunction
Preposition
Interjection