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Who freed the slaves?
The slaves and/or Radical
Republicans (1) or Lincoln (9)
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Revisionists
(liberal-radical)
Slaves
Radical
Republicans
Moderate
Inbetween
Traditional
(Conservative)
Lincoln
How did slavery end in America, and
how important was Lincoln in this
process? What affect did this process
have on the Civil War?
• Remember the Civil War started as a
war over state’s rights and ended as a
war to end slavery
I. Emancipation Proclamation
When?
• Issued September 22, 1862, yet took
effect on January 1, 1863
• Lincoln waited to make an
announcement until a major Union
victory in order to not look desperate
• Announced after the Union victory at
Antietam
•Only freed slaves in states that were
rebelling against the Union
•Lincoln did not want to offend the Border
States
Emancipation in 1863
The number of slaves
declared free:
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Arkansas- 111,104
Alabama- 435,132
Florida- 61,753
Georgia- 462,232
Mississippi- 436,696
North Carolina- 331,081
South Carolina- 402,541
Texas- 180,682
Virginia (part held by
rebels)- 450,437
• Louisiana (parishes held
by rebels)- 247,734
• Total slaves
declared free
3,119,397
Slaves exempted from
the Proclamation:
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Delaware- 1,798
Kentucky- 225,490
Maryland- 87,188
Missouri- 114,465
Tennessee- 275,784
Louisiana (parishes
reconquered)- 85,281
• West Virginia and Eastern
countries- 41,000
• Total slaves
excluded from
freedom
830,006
Harper's Weekly 09/06/1862
• “My paramount object in this struggle is to
save the Union, and is not either to save or
to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union
without freeing any slave I would do it, and if
I could save it by freeing all the slaves I
would do it. And if I could save it by freeing
some and leaving others alone, I would also
do that. What I do about slavery and the
colored race I do because I believe it helps
to save this Union.”
–Abraham Lincoln
• If Lincoln would have done this earlier in the
war, it would have been disastrous
• It is only when the North was desperate
enough did it resort to this measure
• It was a military measure, not a moral law
• Constitutional?- Lincoln was worried this act
was unconstitutional and believed he derived
the power to do this under his power as
Commander and Chief of the Armed Forces
African-Americans in Civil War Battles
•This document
transformed the war
into a fight to end
slavery
•After this, African
Americans can fight
in the war for the
North
•By the end of the
war African
Americans make up
10% of the Union
Army
United States Colored Troops
People’s Reaction
• This prevented Great Britain
from allying with the
Confederacy
• Many in the North
were upsetDemocrats almost
won control of
Congress
• Draft riots erupted
later in the year in
July of 1863 in NY
City
• Slaves were
ecstatic and many
migrated to the
North
• Episode 3?
• Bottom Rail on Top, 1:00.00
• NYC Draft Riots
•This destroyed the Southern home front and
ability to wage war
II.
13th Amendment
• Formally abolished slavery
for all time
• Lincoln and the Radical
Republicans of Congress
worked on this together
• “If slavery is not wrong, then I
do not know what is” -Lincoln
• John Wilkes Booth
assassinated Lincoln before
the Congress ratified the
amendment
• Our American Cousin,
Ford’s Theater
• Photo of Seward's attacker
Lewis Powell taken after his
arrest.
• Famous photographer
Alexander Gardner snapped
the picture and the picture
has been colorized it causing
internet fan girls to swoon.
Even when you’re the president, it can sometimes be hard getting people to hang out with you. That’s the trouble Abraham Lincoln had on April
14, 1865. If he could have foreseen the events of that night, he probably wouldn’t have wanted to go to the theater either.
The Lincolns were originally set to attend the theater with General and Mrs. Grant but the general had business in Philadelphia and was pulled
away. There was some scrambling to fill the hole in the party but Clara Harris, daughter of a prominent New York family, and her fiancé Henry
Reed Rathbone were eventually selected.
It was Rathbone who was the first line of defense after John Wilkes Booth performed his deadly act. The young major jumped to attack Booth
but the sinister assassin used his knife to slash the major’s left arm open from elbow to shoulder. Sorely hurt, Rathbone made another attempt to
stop Booth but was shrugged off. The assassin jumped from the box and made an easy escape out the back of the theater. Back in the box,
Rathbone crumpled to the ground, weak from blood-loss, and Clara Harris and Mary Todd Lincoln began to scream.
The other theater goers, first alerted to the trouble by Booth making his noisy escape, were thrown completely into chaos when they saw what
was happening in the box. Clara Harris was fairly covered with her finance’s blood as she tried to stop the bleeding with a handkerchief. Mrs.
Lincoln was inconsolable, mistaking the major’s blood for her husband’s. The screaming from the box extended to the rest of the theater and the
‘doctors in the house’ were located and rushed to the president’s side.
The end of Abraham Lincoln is well recorded; he breathed his last at 7:22 AM the next day, April 15, 1865 in a house across the way,
surrounded by loved ones and prominent citizens. The continuing tale of Clara Harris and Major Henry Reed Rathbone, however, is less wellknown.
Clara Harris and Major Henry Reed Rathbone (Photo Source: Chicagohistory.org)Harris and Rathbone married in 1867 and had a total of three
children. Rathbone never got over the assassination and blamed himself, suffering “physical ailments, constant fears, and terrible delusions” that
worsened over the years. Clara Harris longed to leave him, but it was socially unacceptable at this time to divorce or separate.
The family ended up in Europe, partly for Rathbone’s work and party so he could seek treatment from Europe’s spas and doctors. It was in 1883
in Germany that the events of 1865 caught up with the tormented family. In the early dark hours of December 23, Rathbone walked into his
wife’s bedroom and, after a brief exchange about their children, shot his wife. He then turned a knife on himself, managing to stab himself six
times before the servants made it to the room. In a sick replication of the Lincoln assassination, the gunshot victim died and Rathbone survived
his knife wounds. Again.
Clara Harris Rathbone was interred in a German cemetery and Major Henry Reed Rathbone was institutionalized in a German asylum for the
criminally insane and stayed there for the rest of his life, suffering terribly from paranoid delusions. He died and was buried next to his wife in
1911. In 1952, in accordance with the cemetery’s policy of unvisited graves, the couple’s bodies were exhumed and cremated.
That ends the tragedy of Clara and Henry Rathbone, but there’s more to the story. After all, Clara Harris could wash the blood from her body, but
not from her dress. What happened to dress that was, in her words, “saturated literally with blood”?
Clara Harris couldn’t bear to get rid of it or destroy it and simply placed in the back of her closet, hoping to forget it. But in 1866, to the day a year
after Lincoln’s assassination, Harris awoke in the night to the sound of low laughter emitting from the closet with the dress. Abraham Lincoln’s
laughter. This story was repeated a year later by a guest staying in the room. Harris had the closet bricked in and the dress was closed off from
the world, entombed but not forgotten. Later occupants of the house claimed to hear a gunshot on an anniversary of the assassination and see a
blood-soaked young woman sobbing and standing with Lincoln.
In 1910, forty-five years after Lincoln’s death and one before Major Rathbone’s, Henry Riggs Rathbone, the son of Henry and Clara, sought to
end what he felt was a curse on his family. He broke into the bricked closet and burned the dress to ashes.
The dress is gone but the memories live on. The assassination of Abraham Lincoln was a tragic turning point in history, affecting the live of
everyone in attendance. Think about that next time you accept an invitation to hang out with friends, especially if one of your friends is the focal
• Father Abraham AN ACROSTIC
A‘race degraded looks to thee
Bound in fetters and disgrace.
Redeem us now and set us free
And make of us a noble race.
Has not one Father made us all,
Are we not in the Savior's call
May we not lisp the sacred word,
Lo! Behold my “works are good.
I will set free a noble race
No longer suffer ye disgrace,
Come, embrace emancipation
Onward! Onward! ! Form a nation.
Let the world the news resound,
No longer shall the free be bound.
Reading August 30, 1864.
• “The greatest measure of the
19th century was passed by
corruption” -Stevens
Who freed the slaves?
The slaves and/or Radical
Republicans (1) or Lincoln (9)
Write your name and a number on
your post-it note.
1
3
7
9
5
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I
I
I
I
I
Revisionists
(liberal-radical)
Self-Emancipation
Thesis
Slaves
Radical
Republicans
Moderate
Inbetween
Traditional
(Conservative)
Lincoln
• Debate: Find 3 outside sources online and read your assigned source
(20 points)
• Debate Participation (20 points)
• Search terms:
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self-emancipation thesis
radical republicans
13th Amendment
Emancipation Proclamation
Lyman Trumbull
Salmon Chase
Zachariah Chandler
Watch the movie Lincoln