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AIM: Students will know how to succeed on exams in urban ecology Please Do Now: Look at this question from the last quiz carefully. Answer it and explain your answer. If you lived on a small island, and only had a single small field and a pond in which to produce all of your food, would you: A) grow corn and eat that B) grow corn and feed it to chickens C) grow corn and feed it to chickens than feed the chicken meat to fish in the pond Agenda • • • • • Do Now Go Over Exam Format GO over objectives Practice Questions Work time for performance task Why you need to STUDY • Your Grade: 40% Tests, 25% Classwork, 25% Quizzes, 10% Homework • 25% / 20 Quizzes = 1.2 % / quiz • 40% / 4 Tests = 10 % / test • That means each test could be the difference between an 78 and a 68, or 98 and a 88. Test Format • • • • • • • 14 points for the performance task 50 points for multiple choice 15 points for open response 5 points for experimental design 10 points for data analysis 6 reading/annotations There are a few bonus questions, to reward those of you who pay attention closely. Objectives • SWBAT define ecology Objectives • SWBAT explain how natural selection results in evolution – – – – – – SWBAT define natural selection SWBAT define organisms, and population, SWBAT define niche SWBAT define evolution SWBAT define reproductive isolation SWBAT identify 5 ways two populations could become reproductively isolated – SWBAT differentiate between directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection – SWBAT recognize selection pressure from a word problem and what would happen to a population in response to that pressure Objectives • SWBAT recognize the sun as the source of the energy for most all ecosystems • SWBAT describe how energy flows through ecosystems – SWBAT define trophic level, producers, and consumers – SWBAT recognize producers and consumers in an ecosystem or a food web diagram – SWBAT calculate how much energy is transferred between different trophic levels – SWBAT draw an energy pyramid – SWBAT articulate why there are less consumers than producers in any ecosystem Objectives • SWBAT use a phylogentic tree to explain evolutionary relationships among organisms – SWBAT compare relatedness among groups based on a phylogenetic tree – SWBAT show when a certain feature evolved based on a phylogentic tree – SWBAT construct a phylogenetic tree from a list of features Practice Questions • Natural selection can best be defined as the... A. survival of the biggest and strongest organisms in a population. B. survival and reproduction of the organisms that occupy the largest area. C. survival and reproduction of the organisms that are genetically best adapted to the environment. D. elimination of the smallest organisms by the biggest organisms. Practice Questions • Natural selection can best be defined as the... A. survival of the biggest and strongest organisms in a population. B. survival and reproduction of the organisms that occupy the largest area. C. survival and reproduction of the organisms that are genetically best adapted to the environment. D. elimination of the smallest organisms by the biggest organisms. Practice Questions • Use the ecological definition of the word population in a sentence. Practice Questions • Use the ecological definition of the word population in a sentence. • There is a population of albino squirrels near my old house. Practice Questions • What are 2 adaptations the pigeon has to life in the city? Practice Questions • What are 2 adaptations the pigeon has to life in the city? • Eats human waste • Nests under bridges Practice Questions • A species’ ecological niche can be described as: A. B. C. D. How many things it can eat The size the young it gives birth to The number of species it is related to The unique role it plays in the ecosystem Practice Questions • A species’ ecological niche can be described as: A. B. C. D. How many things it can eat The size the young it gives birth to The number of species it is related to The unique role it plays in the ecosystem Practice Questions • A population of cacti grow in Bed-Stuy. On average the cacti have needles that are about 4 inches long. The cacti without needles or with much shorter needles tend to get eaten and killed off by the pigeons in the neighborhood. The cacti that have needles much longer than 4 inches catch a disease and die. In this way, the population of cacti continues to have needles about 4 inches in length. This is an example of what kind of selection? A. B. C. D. Stabilizing selection Directional Selection Extinction selection Disruptive Selection Practice Questions • A population of cacti grow in Bed-Stuy. On average the cacti have needles that are about 4 inches long. The cacti without needles or with much shorter needles tend to get eaten and killed off by the pigeons in the neighborhood. The cacti that have needles much longer than 4 inches catch a disease and die. In this way, the population of cacti continues to have needles about 4 inches in length. This is an example of what kind of selection? A. B. C. D. Stabilizing selection Directional Selection Extinction selection Disruptive Selection Practice Questions • Antibiotics were discovered less than a century ago. Humans have used them so much since then though, the bacteria they once killed are now often not even harmed by them, and are called “antibiotic resistant”. Explain, in terms of natural selection, how this new trait could have developed. Practice Questions • Antibiotics were discovered less than a century ago. Humans have used them so much since then though, the bacteria they once killed are now often not even harmed by them, and are called “antibiotic resistant”. Explain, in terms of natural selection, how this new trait could have developed. • Directional selection favored those organisms with resistance in an environment with antibiotics present. They survived and reproduced more. Practice Questions • In order for one species to become two separate species, two populations of the original species must become reproductively isolated. Explain what this means, and name at least two ways two populations could become reproductively isolated from one another. Practice Questions • In order for one species to become two separate species, two populations of the original species must become reproductively isolated. Explain what this means, and name at least two ways two populations could become reproductively isolated from one another. • Reproductive isolation is when populations cannot interbreed. Ex: geographic isolation, behavioral isolation. Practice Questions • Explain why there are way more zebras than lions in the African savannah ecosystem. Practice Questions • Explain why there are way more zebras than lions in the African savannah ecosystem. • Transfer of energy between trophic levels is inefficient. Practice Questions • If there are 20,000 calories available at the primary consumer level, how many calories would be available at the producer level? Practice Questions • If there are 20,000 calories available at the primary consumer level, how many calories would be available at the producer level? • 200,000 Practice Questions • Which of these is not a producer? A. B. C. D. Tomatoes Algae Frogs The bacteria in deep sea vents Practice Questions • Which of these is not a producer? A. B. C. D. Tomatoes Algae Frogs The bacteria in deep sea vents Practice Questions • Define Ecology Practice Questions • Define Ecology • The study of the interaction of organisms and their environment